Training and Scaling Preference Functions for Disambiguation

We present an automatic method for weighting the contributions of preference functions used in disambiguation. Initial scaling factors are derived as the solution to a least-squares minimization problem, and improvements are then made by hill-climbing. The method is applied to disambiguating sentences in the ATIS (Air Travel Information System) corpus, and the performance of the resulting scaling factors is compared with hand-tuned factors. We then focus on one class of preference function, those based on semantic lexical collocations. Experimental results are presented showing that such functions vary considerably in selecting correct analyses. In particular we define a function that performs significantly better than ones based on mutual information and likelihood ratios of lexical associations.Comment: To appear in Computational Linguistics (probably volume 20, December 94). LaTeX, 21 page

IGG-antibody seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among blood donors in Nairobi and Nakuru regional blood transfusion testing centers in Kenya

Background: West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arbovirus transmitted by infected mosquitoes which cause most of its incidence (CDC, 2015). It is transmitted by the culex mosquito which is prevalent in Kenya.Objective: To determine and compare the sero prevalence of WNV among blood donors in Nairobi and Nakuru Regional blood transfusion testing centers in Kenya.Study design: A cross-sectional studySetting: It was carried out in two Regional Blood Transfusion Centers (RBTCs) which are based in Nairobi and Nakuru. These two centers are associated with possible low and high prevalence respectively.Subject: A total of 180 blood samples were randomly selected over a period of one month. These blood samples were tested for WNV IgG using ELISA. Results: Majority of the donors were below 35 years of age and were predominantly male. WNV IgG prevalence was 15% in blood donors (95% CI 10-20.5%). Prevalence of cross infection of TTI and WNV was 8.3% (95% CI 4.4- 12.2%). The prevalence of WVN IgG was highest in the 19-35 years’ age group (16.5%) and females (21.6%) though the results were not statistically significant. There was no difference in the IgG positivity between the different centers.Conclusion: Infection with WNV should be of public health concern because about a fifth of those infected with WNV develop illness. About 10% of those who develop neurological symptoms succumb to the disease

Transfer through quasi logical form - A new approach to machine translation

This Document is an introduction to a research project aimed at producing a prototype system for on-line translation of typed dialogues between speakers of different natural languages. The work was carried out jointly by SICS and SRI Cambridge. The resulting prototype system (called Billingual Conversation Interpreter, or BCI) translates between English and Swedish in both Directions. The major components of the BCI are two copies of the SRI Core Language Engine, equipped with English and Swedish grammars respectively. These are linked by the transfer and disambiguation components. Translation takes place by analyzing the source-language sentence into Quasi Logical Form (QLF), a linguistically motivated logical representation, transferring this onto a target-language QLF, and generating a target-language sentence. We believe that the project was successful in demonstrating the feasibility of using these techniques for interactive translation applications, and provides a sound basis for development of a large scale message translator system. The final section of the paper points to several possible follow-on projects aimed in the direction of practically usable commercial systems

Bilingual conversation interpreter : a prototype interactive message translator. Final report

This document is the final report for a research project aimed at producing a prototype system for on-line translation of typed dialogues between speakers of different natural languages. The work was carried out jointly by SICS and SRI Cambridge. The resulting prototype system (called Billingual Conversation Interpreter, or BCI) translates between english and Swedish in both directions.The Major components of the BCI are two copies of the SRI Core Language Engine, equipped with English and Swedish grammars respectively. These are linked by the transfer and disambiguation components. Translation takes place by analyzing the source-language sentence into Quasi Logical Form ( QLF), a linguistically motivated logical representation, transferring this into a target-language QLF, and generating a target-language sentence. When ambiguities occur that cannot be resolved automatically, they are clarified by Querying the appropriate user. The clarification dialogue presupposes no knowledge of either linguistics or the other language. The prototype system has a broad grammatical coverage, a initial vocabulary of about 1000 words together with vocabulary expansion tools, and a set of English-Swedish transfer rules. The formalism developed for coding this linguistic information make it relatively easy to extend the system. We believe that the project was successful in demonstrating the feasibility of using these techniques for interactive translation applications, and provides a sound basis for development of a large scale message translator system with potential for commercial exploitation.The main sections of this report are the following: * A non-technical introduction, summarizing the BCI's design , and containing a sample session. * An overview of the Swedish version of the CLE. * A detailed discussion of the theory and practice of QLF transfer. * A description of the interactive disambiguation method. * Suggestions for possible follow-on projects aimed in the direction of practically usable commercial systems

Implementasi Pendidikan Pancasila Dalam Pencegahan Perundungan Secara Verbal di Lingkungan Sekolah

Recently, bullying among students is increasingly common, especially in primary and secondary schools. This result shows that an understanding of Pancasila education provided in schools has not fully minimized the rate of bullying. Therefore, there is a need for further research and analysis to identify actions that need to take in the future. Our analysis was carried out by collecting data using mixed methods. We get both qualitative and quantitative data through the distributed Google form. The results show that bullying is still common among students who are still in primary and secondary schools. About 56% of respondents said they had seen or experienced verbal bullying. Respondents admitted that the existence of Pancasila education in schools was helpful. In another words, there was a need for guidance from teachers or those closest to them and optimized implementation in everyday life. Key Words: bullying, students, Pancasila education, verbal  Perundungan di kalangan pelajar kini semakin banyak terjadi, khususnya di sekolah dasar dan menengah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya pemahaman mengenai pendidikan Pancasila yang diberikan di sekolah-sekolah belum sepenuhnya dapat meminimalisir angka perundungan. Karena itu, perlu adanya penelitian dan analisis lebih lanjut untuk mengidentifikasi tindakan yang harus diambil untuk kedepannya. Analisis kami lakukan dengan mengambil data menggunakan metode campuran. Data kualitatif dan kuantitatif kami dapatkan sekaligus melalui googleform yang disebar.  Didapat hasil bahwa perundungan masih sangat umum terjadi di kalangan pelajar yang masih duduk di sekolah dasar dan menengah. Lebih dari lima puluh persen responden mengaku pernah melihat atau mengalami perundungan secara verbal. Para responden dengan adanya pendidikan Pancasila pada sekolah-sekolah sudah cukup baik, namun perlu adanya bimbingan dari guru-guru atau orang terdekat beserta implementasi yang dioptimalkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Kata Kunci: perundungan, pelajar, pendidikan Pancasila, verba

Effective Utterance Classification with Unsupervised Phonotactic Models

This paper describes a method for utterance classification that does not require manual transcription of training data. The method combines domain independent acoustic models with off-the-shelf classifiers to give utterance classification performance that is surprisingly close to what can be achieved using conventional word-trigram recognition requiring manual transcription. In our method, unsupervised training is first used to train a phone n-gram model for a particular domain; the output of recognition with this model is then passed to a phone-string classifier. The classification accuracy of the method is evaluated on three different spoken language system domains