Concentrations of heavy metal in different parts of the gastropod, Faunus ater (linnaeus), collected from intertidal areas of Peninsular Malaysia.

Marine gastropods, Faunus ater (Linnaeus), were collected from Pantai Sri Tujoh (Kelantan), Pantai Bisikan Bayu (Kelantan), Kg. Telaga Nenas (Perak) and Kesang Laut (Johor). Soft tissues of gastropods were dissected into digestive caecum (DC), foot, remainder, muscle, and operculum. The shell and dissected parts were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb. It was found that the DC and the remainder accumulated high concentrations of Cu ranging between 159.1 and 290.2 μg/g dw. The shell was shown to highly accumulate non-essential Pb, Ni, and Cd compared to the soft tissues. Meanwhile, higher bioavailabilities of Cd and Cu were found in Pantai Sri Tujoh, whereas higher bioavailabilities of Ni and Pb were found in Pantai Bisikan Bayu compared to other sampling sites. The present results suggested that F. ater could be used as a potential biomonitor of heavy metal contamination. However, further studies are still needed in order to validate the use of F. ater as a good biomonitor of heavy metal pollution

Penjabaran Asas-Asas Pembaharuan Agraria Berdasarkan Tap MPR No. IX/MPR/2001 dalam Perundang-undangan di Bidang Pertanahan

This research discusses whether Agrarian Reform principles have been synchronous with the Indonesian land laws and Basic Agrarian Law and how those principles are implemented within government regulations on land law. Results show that, instead of manifesting, numerous government regulations are contradicting the principles therefore should be revoked or amended. Penelitian ini membahas apakah asasasas Pembaruan Agraria telah sejalan dengan hukum pertanahan Indonesia dan UUPA serta bagaimana asas-asas tersebut diterapkan dalam peraturan-peraturan pemerintah di bidang pertanahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, alih-alih mengejawantahkan, banyak PP yang bertentangan dengan asas Pembaruan Agraria sehingga harus dicabut atau diamandemen

Production of hydrocarbon based solvent with low aromatic content using ASPEN Plus

The solvent is a liquid that can dissolve or extract specific materials. Solvents are needed for most chemical transformations to increase contact between reagents and catalysts. It also holds an important role in many studies, industrial chemical processes, coatings, and formulations of consumer products, however, most of the hydrocarbon-based solvents based still contain high aromatic content of benzene, toluene, and xylene which are carcinogenic chemicals. The separation of aromatic hydrocarbons from a mixture of C4-C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons is a complex process, due to its close boiling points and some combinations can form azeotropes. The general distillation process is not the right choice for the separation of aromatic hydrocarbons from a mixture of C4-C10 aliphatic hydrocarbons. Possible processes are liquid-liquid extraction, extractive distillation, and azeotropic distillation. In this study, extractive distillation using ASPEN Plus was performed to simulate the process. The crude feed composition used contains 77.13% aromatic compounds so that the separation technology used uses the extractive distillation process using sulfolane as a solvent. The variables used are the ratio of the crude feed to sulfolane (1:10, 1:15, 1:20), the number of stages (30, 40, 50), feed stage (15,20,25). Based on the simulation results, the best result was obtained by using the ratio of the crude feed to sulfolane of 1:10, with the number of stages 30, and the feed stage on the 25th stage

Multi-hop file transfer in WiFi direct based cognitive radio network for cloud back-up

In this chapter, an application for Android WiFi Direct multi-hop communications with log-file generation and cloud-based back-up have been proposed. WiFi Direct technology is used to peer-to-peer files transfer between neighboring devices without going through any access point. Distributed file systems for the cloud is a system that enables users to have access to the same data or file remotely (any-time any-where). The proposed custom WiFi Direct based Cognitive Radio (CR) application is able to create an ad-hoc network for multi-hop file transfer wirelessly using WiFi between two or more devices. Be-sides, to customize the channel according to the user demand, CR technique is used. An application (apps) is developed and used in mobile devices (smart phones, note book, etc) in a testbed to verify the system performances. This ap-plication detects and saves all the network activities information (in terms of log file) to keep track of the user activity and connection details in the network. The generated log files are stored in the cloud for further processing and security purpose. The performance of WiFi Direct based CR discovery service, channel detection, log file generation, multi-hop communication and WiFi Direct applications were successfully tested intensively with ~ 93% efficiency. Based on experimental data, an empirical model for multi-hop communication is proposed and validated. This shows, multi-hop file transfer and cloud back-up of log-file are possible through neighbor nodes having WiFi direct connection in a network. This can be helpful for data safety, recovery and connection status monitoring/analysis for possible intrusion detection