Byrsonima Crassa Niedenzu (ik): Antimicrobial Activity And Chemical Study

The methanolic extract of leaves from Byrsonima crassa, a Brazilian medicinal plant, was analyzed by CC and HPLC. Four constituents were isolated and identified as quercetin, methyl gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin-3-O-(2″-galloyl)-α-L-arabinopyranoside. The methanolic and hydromethanolic extract, as well as fractions, were evaluated regarding their possible antimicrobial activity using in vitro methods. Results showed that both extracts and fractions exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against all tested strains.2617175Agrawal, P.K., (1989) Carbon 13NMR of Flavonoids, , Amsterdam:ElsevierAlzoreky, N.S., Nakahara, K., Antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia (2003) Int J Food Microbiol, 80, pp. 223-230Amarqiuise, A., Che, C.T., Bejar, E., Malone, M.H., Fong, H.H.S., A New Glycolipid from Byrsonima crassifolia (1994) Planta Med, 60, pp. 85-86Basile, A., Sorbo, S., Giordano, S., Ricciardi, L., Ferrara, S., Montesano, D., Cobianchi, R.C., Ferrara, L., Antibacterial and allelopathic activity of extract from Castanea sativa leaves (2000) Fitoterapia, 71, pp. S110-S116Bauer, A.W., Kirby, M.D.K., Sherries, J.C., Truck, M., Antibiotic susceptibilities testing by standard single disc diffusion method (1966) Am J Clin Pathol, 45, pp. 493-496Bejar, E., Amarquaye, A., Che, C.T., Malone, M.H., Fong, H.H.S., Constituents of Byrsonima crassifolia and their spasmogenic activity (1995) Int J Pharmacog, 33, pp. 25-32Binutu, O.A., Cordell, G.A., Gallic acid derivatives from Mezoneuron benthamianum leaves (2000) Pharm Biol, 38, pp. 284-286Djipa, C.D., Delmee, M., Quetin-Leclercq, J., Antimicrobial activity of bark extracts of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae) (2000) J Ethnopharmacol, 71, pp. 307-313Geiss, F., Heinrich, M., Hunkler, D., Rimpler, H., Heinrich, M., Proanthocyanidins with (+)-epicatechin units from Byrsonima crassifolia bark (1995) Phytochemistry, 39, pp. 635-643Gottlieb, O.R., Henriques Mendes, P., Taveira Magalhães, M., Triterpenoids from Byrsonima verbascifolia (1975) Phytochemistry, 14, pp. 1456-1456Harborne, J.B., (1996) The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1986, , New York:Chapman & HallLopez, A., Hudson, J.B., Towers, G.H.N., Antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Colombian medicinal plants (2001) J Ethnopharmacol, 77, pp. 189-196Martínez-Vasquéz, M., González-Esquinca, A.R., Cazares Luna, L., Moreno Gutiérrez, M.N., García-Argáez, A.N., Antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K (1999) J Ethnopharmacol, 66, pp. 79-82Mendes, C.C., Cruz, F.G., David, J.M., Nascimento, I.P., David, J.P., Triterpenes esterified with fatty acid and triterpene acids isolated from Byrsonima microphylla (1999) Quím Nova, 22, pp. 185-188Nascimento, G.G.F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P.C., Silva, G.L., Antibacterial activity of plants extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (2000) Braz J Microbiol, 31, pp. 247-256(2003) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disc Susceptibility Tests, , Approved Standard M2-A7, Pennsylvania:WaynePenna, C., Marino, S., Vivot, E., Cruanes, M.C., Munoz, J.D., Cruanes, J., Ferraro, G., Martino, V., Antimicrobial activity of Argentine plants used in the treatment of infectious diseases. Isolation of active compounds from Sebastiania brasiliensis (2001) J Ethnopharmacol, 77, pp. 37-40Pretorius, J.C., Magama, S., Zietsman, P.C., Purification and identification of antibacterial compounds from Euclea crispa subsp crispa (Ebenaceae) leaves (2003) S Afr J Bot, 69, pp. 579-586Rastrelli, L., De Tommasi, N., Berger, I., Caceres, A., Saravia, A., De Simone, F., Glycolipids from Byrsonima crassifolia (1997) Phytochemistry, 45, pp. 647-650Sannomiya, M., Rodrigues, C.M., Coelho, R.G., Santos, L.C., Hiruma-Lima, C.A., Souza Brito, A.R.M., Vilegas, W., Application of preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for the separation of flavonoids from the leaves of Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (IK) (2004) J Chromatogr A, 1035, pp. 47-51Sannomiya, M., Fonseca, V.B., Da Silva, M.A., Rocha, L.R.M., Dos Santos, L.C., Souza, H.C.A., Brito, A.R.M., Vilegas, W., Flavonoids and antiulcerogenic activity from Byrsonima crassa leaves extracts (2005) J Ethnopharmacol, 97, pp. 1-6Silva, S.R., Silva, A.P., Munhoz, C.B., Silva Jr., M.C., Medeiros, M.B., (2001) Guia de Plantas Do Cerrado Utilizadas Na Chapada Dos Veadeiros, , Brasília:WWF58pSrinivasan, D., Nathan, S., Suresh, T., Perumalsamy, P.L., Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine (2001) J Ethnopharmacol, 74, pp. 217-220Wagner, H., Bladt, H., Zgainski, E.M., (1984) Plant Drug Analysis, , Berlin:Springer320

Cissus Sicyoides: Pharmacological Mechanisms Involved In The Anti-inflammatory And Antidiarrheal Activities

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal actions of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (HECS). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by oral administration of HECS against acute model of edema induced by xylene, and the mechanisms of action were analysed by involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The antidiarrheal effect of HECS was observed and we analyzed the motility and accumulation of intestinal fluid. We also analyzed the antidiarrheal mechanisms of action of HECS by evaluating the role of the opioid receptor, α2 adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2. The oral administration of HECS inhibited the edema induced by xylene and AA and was also able to significantly decrease the levels of PGE2. The extract also exhibited significant anti-diarrheal activity by reducing motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. This extract significantly reduced intestinal transit stimulated by muscarinic agonist and intestinal secretion induced by PGE2. Our data demonstrate that the mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of HECS is related to PGE2. The antidiarrheal effect of this extract may be mediated by inhibition of contraction by acting on the intestinal smoothmuscle and/or intestinal transit. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.17

Gastroprotective effect of essential oil from Croton cajucara Benth. (Euphorbiaceae)

Rodriguez, J. Instituto de Biologia, Universidad de Talca, Talca, ChileThe gastroprotective activity of the essential oil from the bark of Croton cajucara Benth (Euphorbiaceae) was assessed in three different models of experimentally induced gastric ulcer in mice. At oral dose of 100 mg/kg the essential oil reduced gastric lesions induced by hypothermic restraint stress and HCl/ethanol significantly. In the HCl/ethanol model a dose-dependent gastroprotective effect was found. Moreover, significant changes in gastric parameters such as pH, secretion rate and total gastric acid were found after intraduodenal administration of essential oil under ligated pylorus (Shay) conditions. The acute toxicity of essential oil was assessed in mice. The LD50 values were 9.3 and 680 mg/kg for oral and intraperitoneal administrations, respectively. The cytotoxicity of essential oil was studied also. A dose-dependent cell viability inhibition was found in V79 fibroblast cell cultures with an IC50 of 22.9 μg/ml. Our results support the pharmacological study of this essential oil

Should Anacardium Humile St. Hil Be Used As An Antiulcer Agent? A Scientific Approach To The Traditional Knowledge

The crude methanolic extract (ME) obtained from the leaves of Anacardium humile was evaluated orally at doses of 250-500-1000 mg/kg on gastric lesion on ethanol and piroxicam induced gastric lesions in rodents. All the tested doses significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 56 to 100%. These results seems to support the traditional use of this species in the treatment of gastric diseases. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.793207209Lorenzi, H., Abreu Matos, F.J., (2002) Plantas medicinais do Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas, , Instituo Plantarum, São PauloMota, M.L., Thomas, G., Barbosa Filho, J.M., (1985) J Ethnopharmacol, 13, p. 289Kubo, I., Ochi, M., Vieira, P.C., Komatsu, S., (1993) J Agr Food Chem, 41, p. 1012Bicalho, B., Pereira, A.S., Aquino Neto, F.R., Pinto, A.C., Rezende, C.M., (2000) J Agr Food Chem, 48, p. 1167Murthy, S.S.N., Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., Ramachandra, R.L., Pelter, A., Ward, R.S., (1982) Planta Med, 45, p. 3Nardini, M., Leonardi, F., Scaccini, C., Virgili, F., (2001) Free Radic Biol Med, 30, p. 722Harbone, J.B., Biflavonoids and triflavonoids (1993) The flavonoids: advance in research since 1986, pp. 95-115. , Greiger H. (Ed), Chapman & Hall, New YorkAgrawal, P.K., Other flavonoids (1989) Carbon 13 NMR of flavonoids, p. 236. , Agrawal P., and Bansal M. (Eds), Elsevier, AmsterdamMorimoto, Y., Shimohara, K., Oshima, S., Sukamoto, T., (1991) Jpn J Pharmacol, 57, p. 495Rainsford, K.D., (1987) J Pharm Pharmacol, 39, p. 669Puscas, I., Puscas, C., Coltau, M., Pasca, R., Torres, J., Marquez, M., (1997) Arzneimittelforschung, 47, p. 568Szelenyi, I., Thiemer, K., (1978) Arch Toxicol, 41, p. 99Brzozowski, T., (2003) J J Physiol Pharmacol, 54, p. 9

Vernonia Polyanthes As A New Source Of Antiulcer Drugs

Methanolic (VPME) and chloroformic (VPCL) extracts, obtained from the aerial parts of Vernonia polyanthes, were investigated for its antiulcerogenic properties. Administration of VPME (250 mg/kg) and VPCL (50 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the gastric mucosa damage (64% and 90%, respectively) caused by absolute ethanol (p.o.). Otherwise, in NSAID-induced gastric damage, their gastroprotective effects have decreased. Since the VPCL extract resulted to be more effective than the VPME we focused our efforts over VPCL action mechanism of action. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.7807/08/15545551Arrieta, J., Benitez, J., Flores, E., Castillo, C., Navarrete, A., (2003) Planta Med, 69, p. 905Borrelli, F., Izzo, A.A., (2000) Phytother Res, 14, p. 581Rossato, S.C., Master dissertation (1996) Utilização de plantas por populações do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, , Departamento de Ecologia Geral, Instituto de Biociência, USP, São Paulo, Brazilda Silveira, R.R., Foglio, M.A., Gontijo, J.A.R., (2003) Phytomedicine, 10, p. 127Giordano, O.S., Guerreiro, E., Pestchanker, M.J., Guzman, J., Pastor, D., Guardia, T., (1990) J Nat Prod, 53, p. 803Havsteen, B.H., (2002) Pharmacol Ther, 96, p. 67Bohlmann, F., Jakupovic, J., Gupta, R.K., King, R.M., Robinson, H., (1981) Phytochemistry, 20, p. 473Wagner, H., Bladt, S., (1996) Plant drug analysis a thin layer chromatography atlas, , Springer, BerlinKhan, H.A., (2004) J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods, 49, p. 89Morimoto, Y., Shimohara, K., Oshima, S., Sukamoto, T., (1991) Jpn J Pharmacol, 57, p. 495Rainsford, K.D., (1987) J Pharm Pharmacol, 39, p. 669Shay, H., Komarov, S.A., Fels, S.S., Meranze, D., Gruenstein, M., Siplet, H., (1945) Gastroenterology, 5, p. 43Corne, S.J., Morrissey, S.M., Woods, R.J., (1974) J Physiol, 242. , 116 ppMatsuda, H., Li, Y., Yoshikawa, M., (1999) Life Sci, 65, pp. L27-L32Bandyopadhyay, D., Ghosh, G., Bandyopadhyay, A., Reiter, R.J., (2004) J Pineal Res, 36, p. 195Lewis, D.A., Hanson, P.J., (1991) Prog Med Chem, 28, p. 201Navarrete, A., Trejo-Miranda, J.L., Reyes-Trejo, L., (2002) J Ethnopharmacol, 79, p. 383Cho, C.H., Ogle, C.W., (1990) Dig Dis Sci, 35, p. 1334Haglund, U., (1990) Scand J Gastroenterol, 175, p. 27. , [Suppl]Kwiecien, S., Brzozowski, T., Konturek, S.J., (2002) J Physiol Pharmacol, 53, p. 39Szabo, S., (1987) Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 127, p. 21. , [Suppl]Lutnicki, K., Szpringer, E., Czerny, K., Ledwozyw, A., (2001) Folia Morphol (Warsz), 60, p. 47Kaunitz, J.D., Akiba, Y., (2004) Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 20, p. 526Brooks, P., (1998) Am J Med, 104, pp. 9SWallace, J.L., Miller, M.J., (2000) Gastroenterology, 119, p. 512Whittle, B.J., Lopez-Belmonte, J., Moncada, S., (1990) Br J Pharmacol, 99, p. 607Whittle, B.J., Lopez-Belmonte, J., (1993) J Physiol Pharmacol, 44, p. 91Avila, J.R., de la Lastra, C.A., Martin, M.J., Motilva, V., Luque, I., Delgado, D., (1996) Inflamm Res, 45, p. 83Lamberts, R., Creutzfeldt, W., Struber, H.G., Brunner, G., Solcia, E., (1993) Gastroenterology, 104, p. 135

Mechanism and Effect of Esculetin in an Experimental Animal Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Esculetin is a coumarin derivative with high antioxidant activity. In a rat experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, esculetin at the dose of 5mg/Kg displayed intestinal anti-inflammatory activity; however, its mechanism of action needs to be elucidated. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of esculetin on the intestinal inflammatory process and to clarify the mechanism of action of this compound. We also compared its effects with prednisolone and sulphasalazine. Our results demonstrate that treatment with esculetin prevented an increase in malondialdehyde content, counteracted the depletion of glutathione content, reduced epithelial cell apoptosis, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-2 and IFN-γ, in vitro , and reduced the colonic levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo . Additionally, esculetin treatment inhibited MPO and AP activities. These results demonstrated that esculetin produced a more effective intestinal anti-inflammatory effect than sulphasalazine because it was used at a 10-fold lower dose, and it produced effects similar to those created by prednisolone. We suggest that esculetin exerts its activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and increasing the defences against reactive oxygen species. This leads to less migration and/or activation of inflammatory cells, resulting in the improvement of lesions and functions in the intestinal epithelium. This study confirms the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of esculetin and demonstrates that this compound has both antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, esculetin may be an interesting new anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Gastroprotective Effects (in Rodents) Of A Flavonoid Rich Fraction Obtained From Syngonanthus Macrolepsis

Objectives Syngonanthus macrolepis, popularly known in Brazil as 'sempre-vivas', is a plant from the family Eriocaulaceae, it is found in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. The species contains a variety of constituents, including flavonoids with gastroprotective effect. In this work, a flavonoid-rich fraction (Sm-FRF) obtained from scapes of S. macrolepis was investigated for preventing gastric ulceration in mice and rats. Methods The activity was evaluated in models of induced gastric ulcer (absolute ethanol, stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pylorus ligation). The cytoprotective mechanisms of the Sm-FRF in relation to sulfhydryl (SH) groups, nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated. Key findings The Sm-FRF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced gastric injury in all models, and did not alter gastric juice parameters after pylorus ligation. Conclusions The results indicate significant gastroprotective activity for the Sm-FRF, which probably involves the participation of both SH groups and the antioxidant system. Both are integral parts of the gastrointestinal mucosa's cytoprotective mechanisms against aggressive factors. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.663445452Yeomans, N.D., Naesdal, J., Systematic review: Ulcer definition in NSAID ulcer prevention trials (2008) Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 27, pp. 465-472Martin, G.R., Wallace, J.L., Gastrointestinal inflammation: A central component of mucosal defence and repair (2006) Exp Biol Med, 231, pp. 130-137Tamashiro Filho, P., Evaluation of antiulcer activity and mechanism of action of methanol stem bark extract of Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil. (Lytraceae) in experimental animals (2012) J Ethnopharmacol, 144, pp. 497-505Bandyopadhyay, U., Gastroprotective effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract: Possible involvement of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibition and scavenging of hydroxyl radical (2002) Life Sci, 71, pp. 2845-2865Malfertheiner, P., Peptic ulcer disease (2009) Lancet, 374, pp. 1449-1461Lin, P.C., The efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors vs histamine-2 receptor antagonists for stress ulcer bleeding prophylaxis among critical care patients: A meta-analysis (2010) Crit Care Med, 38, pp. 1197-1205Bansal, V.K., Goel, R.K., Gastroprotective effect of Acacia nilotica young seedless pod extract: Role of polyphenolic constituents (2012) Asian Pac J Trop Med, 5, pp. 523-528Giulietti, A.M., Pirani, J.R., Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil (1988) Proceedings of A Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, pp. 39-69. , Heyer W.R. Vanzolini P.E. eds. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de CiênciasGiulietti, A.M., Hensold, N., Padróes de distribuição geográfica dos gêneros de Eriocaulaceae (1990) Acta Bot Brasil, 4, pp. 133-158Lazzari, L.R.P., (2000) Redelimitacão e Revisão de Syngonanthus Sect. Eulepis (Bong. Ex Koern.), , Ruhland - Eriocaulaceae. PhD Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, BrazilBate-Smith, E.C., Harborne, J.B., Quercetagetin and patuletin in Eriocaulon (1969) Phytochemistry, 8, pp. 1035-1037Vilegas, W., Quercetagetin 7-methyl ether glycosides from Paepalanthus vellozioides and Paepalanthus latipes (1999) Phytochemistry, 51, pp. 403-409Monteiro, M.V., Topical anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of the essential oil of Lippia sidoides Cham. Leaves (2007) J Ethnopharmacol, 111, pp. 378-382Botelho, M.A., Protective effect of locally applied carvacrol gel on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats: A tapping mode AFM study (2009) Phytother Res, 25, pp. 1439-1448Veras, H.N.H., Topical antiinflammatory activity of essential oil of Lippia sidoides cham: Possible mechanism of action (2013) Phytother Res, 27, pp. 179-185Coelho, R.G., Phytochemical study and antiulcerogenic activity of Syngonanthus bisulcatus (Eriocaulaceae) (2006) Braz J Pharm Sci, 42, pp. 413-417Batista, L.M., Gastric antiulcer activity of Syngonanthus arthrotrichus Silveira (2004) Biol Pharm Bull, 27, pp. 328-332Batista, L.M., Gastroprotective effect of the ethanolic extract and fractions obtained from Syngonanthus bisulcatus Rul (2013) Rec Nat Prod, 7, pp. 35-44Agrawal, P.K., (1989) Carbon 13 NMR of Flavonoids, , Amsterdam: Elsevier(1986) Phytochemical Methods, , Harborne J.B. ed. 3rd edn. London: Champman and HallSzelenyi, I., Thiemer, K., Distention ulcer as a model for testing of drugs for ulcerogenic side effects (1978) Arch Toxicol, 41, pp. 99-105Morimoto, Y., Effects of the new anti-ulcer agent KB-5492 on experimental gastric mucosal lesion and gastric mucosal defensive factors, as compared to those of teprenone and cimetidine (1991) Japan J Pharmacol, 57, pp. 495-505Levine, R.J., A method for rapid production of stress ulcers in rats (1971) Peptic Ulcer, pp. 92-97. , Pfeiffer C.J. ed. 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Gastroprotective Mechanisms Of The Chloroform And Ethyl Acetate Phases Of Praxelis Clematidea (griseb.) R.m.king & H.robinson (asteraceae)

Flavonoid-rich Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Robinson (Asteraceae) is a native plant of South America. This study evaluates the gastroprotective activity and possible mechanisms for both the chloroform (CHCl3P) and ethyl acetate phases (AcOEtP) obtained from aerial parts of the plant. The activity was investigated using acute models of gastric ulcer. Gastric secretion biochemical parameters were determined after pylorus ligature. The participation of cytoprotective factors such as mucus, nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), reduction of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde level), and polymorphonuclear infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity), was also investigated. CHCl3P (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) and AcOEtP (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg) showed significant gastroprotective activity, reducing the ulcerative index by 75, 83, 88 % and 66, 66, 81 % for ethanol; 67, 67, 56 % and 56, 53, 58 % for a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); and 74, 58, 59 % and 64, 65, 61 % for stress-induced gastric ulcer, respectively. CHCl3P (125 mg/kg) and AcOEtP (62.5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the ulcerative area by 78 and 83 %, respectively, for the ischemia-reperfusion model. They also did not alter the biochemical parameters of gastric secretion, the GSH level or the activities of SOD, GPx or GR. They increased the quantity of gastric mucus, not dependent on NO, yet dependent on SH groups, and maintained PGE2 levels. 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Indigofera Suffruticosa Mill As New Source Of Healing Agent: Involvement Of Prostaglandin And Mucus And Heat Shock Proteins

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Indigofera suffruticosa is specie typical of the "Cerrado" or Brazilian savannah; it is a member of the Fabaceae family - in folkmedicine is used for gastric disorders, infection and inflammation. Aim of the study: Ethyl acetate fraction (AcF) and aqueous fraction (AqF) of the methanolic extract of I. suffruticosa leaves were evaluated against acute gastric ulcer. The AcF fraction was selected to assess its activity in ulcer healing and its gastroprotective effects via mucus and gastric secretion. Materials and methods: The gastroprotective action of AcF and AqF fractions were evaluated in a rodent experimental model. The action mechanisms, involvements of the antisecretory action, mucus and prostaglandin production, toxicological and healing activity of the AcF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated. We also used histological analysis (HE and PAS) and immunohistochemical (PCNA and HSP-70) assays to evaluate the effects of I. suffruticosa. Results: AcF significantly inhibited the gastric mucosal damage caused by ethanol. This effect was statistically significant in 100 mg/kg group compared vehicle. AcF did not interfered with gastric secretion, significantly increased the PGE 2 and mucus production (validated in PAS technique). The gastroprotection was attenuated by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide, but not L-NAME. In acid-acetic-induced ulcer model AcF accelerated ulcer healing. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed induction of proliferating cell (PCNA) and heat shock protein (HSP 70). 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