Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Lingzhi (<i>Ganoderma lingzhi</i>) During the Developmental Stages

Lingzhi is a Ganoderma mushroom species which has a wide range of bioactivities. Analysis of the changes in metabolites during the developmental stages of lingzhi is important to understand the underlying mechanism of its biosynthesis, as well as its bioactivity. It may also provide valuable information for the cultivation efficiency of lingzhi. In this study, mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was carried out to analyze the alteration of metabolites during developmental stages of lingzhi. Eight developmental stages were categorized on the basis of morphological changes; starting from mycelium stage to post-mature stage. GC/MS and LC/MS analyses along with multivariate analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were performed. Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, polyols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and some small polar metabolites were extracted as marker metabolites from GC/MS analysis, while, lanostane-type triterpenoids were observed in LC/MS analysis of lingzhi. The marker metabolites from untargeted analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were correlated with the &#945;-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Two metabolites, compounds 34 and 35, were identified as potential contributors of the &#945;-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The current result shows that some metabolites are involved in the developmental process and &#945;-glucosidase inhibitory activity of lingzhi

Wild Mushrooms in Nepal: Some Potential Candidates as Antioxidant and ACE-Inhibition Sources

Twenty-nine mushrooms collected in the mountainous areas of Nepal were analyzed for antioxidant activity by different methods, including Folin-Ciocalteu, ORAC, ABTS, and DPPH assays. Intracellular H2O2-scavenging activity was also performed on HaCaT cells. The results showed that phenolic compounds are the main antioxidant of the mushrooms. Among studied samples, Inonotus andersonii, and Phellinus gilvus exhibited very high antioxidant activity with the phenolic contents up to 310.8 and 258.7 mg GAE/g extracts, respectively. The H2O2-scavenging assay on cells also revealed the potential of these mushrooms in the prevention of oxidative stress. In term of ACE-inhibition, results showed that Phlebia tremellosa would be a novel and promising candidate for antihypertensive studies. This mushroom exhibited even higher in vitro ACE-inhibition activity than Ganoderma lingzhi, with the IC50 values of the two mushrooms being 32 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. This is the first time biological activities of mushrooms collected in Nepal were reported. Information from this study should be a valuable reference for future studies on antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities of mushrooms

遺伝学的手法を用いたBotrychium ternatum菌根菌の評価

The symbiosis with the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was observed in the roots of Botrychium ternatum. The fungal partial 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA:approximately 450/ 1800 bp) were amplified from the DNA extracts of fern roots using fungal specific primer, and subcloned to cloning vector (pGEM-T) . According to the RFLP pattern of subclone, some clones were selected and their inserts were sequenced. One of them (GLA-006) was predominant in this analysis, however, four (or potentially five) different clone were found in the root of B. ternatum. To infer the phylogenetic relationship, sequences were donated on BLAST Search. According to the result of BLAST Search, neighbor joining analysis was performed. The partial sequencing data of 18S rDNA indicate that these isolates closely related to genus Glomus (AM fungi),especially G.proliferum and G.sinuosum. Three of them were 92-95 % identical to G.proliferumBotrychium ternatum根茎の菌根菌について遺伝学的手法を用いて検討した.根茎より抽出したDNAを真菌類特異的18SrDNAプライマーにより増幅,クローニングし,得られたプラスミドのインサートの配列についてRFLP解析,シーケンシングを行った.塩基配列はBLAST Searchを用いてGenBankのデータと比較後,近縁種のデータを用いてNJ法で系統解析を行った.解析の結果,DNAフラグメントGLA-006,GLA-016,GLA-032はG.proliferumと92-95%の相同性を示した.RFLP解析より数種のAM菌根菌が見出されたが,B.ternatumの根茎ではGLA-006が優占種であることが明らかになった