Two cases of breast carcinoma with osteoclastic giant cells: Are the osteoclastic giant cells pro-tumoural differentiation of macrophages?

Breast carcinoma with osteoclastic giant cells (OGCs) is characterized by multinucleated OGCs, and usually displays inflammatory hypervascular stroma. OGCs may derive from tumor-associated macrophages, but their nature remains controversial. We report two cases, in which OGCs appear in common microenvironment despite different tumoural histology. A 44-year-old woman (Case 1) had OGCs accompanying invasive ductal carcinoma, and an 83-year-old woman (Case 2) with carcinosarcoma. Immunohistochemically, in both cases, tumoural and non-tumoural cells strongly expressed VEGF and MMP12, which promote macrophage migration and angiogenesis. The Chalkley count on CD-31-stained sections revealed elevated angiogenesis in both cases. The OGCs expressed bone-osteoclast markers (MMP9, TRAP, cathepsin K) and a histiocyte marker (CD68), but not an MHC class II antigen, HLA-DR. The results indicate a pathogenesis: regardless of tumoural histology, OGCs derive from macrophages, likely in response to hypervascular microenvironments with secretion of common cytokines. The OGCs have acquired bone-osteoclast-like characteristics, but lost antigen presentation abilities as an anti-cancer defense. Appearance of OGCs may not be anti-tumoural immunological reactions, but rather pro-tumoural differentiation of macrophage responding to hypervascular microenvironments induced by breast cancer

Giant seminoma case with very small yolk sac and embryo carcinoma components, detected by intensive histopathological examination

We experienced the giant seminoma with 18 × 10 × 10 cm sized and about 2.6 kg weight of 25 year old patient. We intensively examined the histological tissue type distributions in this giant seminoma. Most of the tumor consisted of seminoma components. In addition, the tumor included the very small fragments of yolk sac tumor and embryonal carcinoma component at the root part of the seminoma mass. This shows that intensive histological examination may contribute to the finding of other embryonic component of the large seminoma. This may show that leaving the seminoma growing may generate the other embryonic tumor component, not always big enough to find out in a routine procedure, during the growth, in the different way from the original mixed cell germ tumor

Establecimiento y caracterización de nuevos modelos de xenoinjerto de carcinomas del tracto biliar humano.

15 páginasIn order to develop new therapeutic regimens for biliary tract cancers, which carry dismal prognoses, the establishment of a human biliary tract cancer xenograft model is essential. Herein, we report the successful establishment and characterization of two xenograft models of human biliary tract cancers. An adenosquamous gallbladder cancer cell line (TGBC-44) and a bile duct adenocarcinoma cell line (TGBC-47) were obtained from fresh surgical specimens in our department and subcutaneously inoculated into nude mice. The overall tumor take rate was 100% and solid tumors grew measurable after 5 and 7 days for TGBC-44 and TGBC-47, respectively. Tumor doubling time was 3.9±1.1 and 4.1± 0.5 days in the exponential growth phase in TGBC-44 and TGBC-47 xenografts, respectively. Isozyme test and karyotype analysis confirmed the human origin. Histopathology analysis revealed that the TGBC-44 xenograft retained both the squamous and the adenocarcinoma components, and the TGBC-47 xenograft exhibited poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma as in the corresponding original tumors. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting studies revealed positive and similar expression of platelet derived endothelial growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase (PDGF/TP), thymidylate synthase (TS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in both original tumors and xenograft models. No macroscopic metastases were found at the time of sacrifice. We have successfully established two models of human biliary tract cancer, gallbladder and bile duct cancer. Models retained the morphological and biochemical characteristics of the original tumor and demonstrated constant biological behavior in all transplanted mice. These models could be useful tools for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against biliary tract cancers.Para desarrollar nuevos regímenes terapéuticos para los cánceres del tracto biliar, que conllevan pronósticos sombríos, es esencial el establecimiento de un modelo de xenoinjerto de cáncer del tracto biliar humano. En este documento, informamos sobre el establecimiento y caracterización exitosos de dos modelos de xenoinjerto de cánceres del tracto biliar humano. Se obtuvieron una línea celular de cáncer de vesícula biliar adenoescamosa (TGBC-44) y una línea celular de adenocarcinoma de vías biliares (TGBC-47) a partir de muestras quirúrgicas frescas en nuestro departamento y se inocularon por vía subcutánea en ratones desnudos. La tasa general de adquisición de tumores fue del 100 % y los tumores sólidos crecieron de manera mensurable después de 5 y 7 días para TGBC-44 y TGBC-47, respectivamente. El tiempo de duplicación del tumor fue de 3,9 ± 1,1 y 4,1 ± 0,5 días en la fase de crecimiento exponencial en xenoinjertos TGBC-44 y TGBC-47, respectivamente. La prueba de isozimas y el análisis de cariotipo confirmaron el origen humano. El análisis histopatológico reveló que el xenoinjerto TGBC-44 retuvo los componentes escamoso y de adenocarcinoma, y ​​el xenoinjerto TGBC-47 exhibió un adenocarcinoma pobremente diferenciado como en los tumores originales correspondientes. Los estudios de inmunohistoquímica y transferencia Western revelaron una expresión positiva y similar del factor de crecimiento endotelial derivado de plaquetas/timidina fosforilasa (PDGF/TP), timidilato sintasa (TS) y ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2) tanto en tumores originales como en modelos de xenoinjerto. No se encontraron metástasis macroscópicas en el momento del sacrificio. Hemos establecido con éxito dos modelos de cáncer de vías biliares humanas, cáncer de vesícula biliar y de vías biliares. Los modelos conservaron las características morfológicas y bioquímicas del tumor original y demostraron un comportamiento biológico constante en todos los ratones trasplantados. Estos modelos podrían ser herramientas útiles para desarrollar nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas contra los cánceres de vías biliares

Non-hyalinizing trabecular thyroid adenoma: a novel thyroid tumor with diagnostic pitfalls of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma

Abstract Background Only one thyroid follicular cell-derived tumor with a purely trabecular growth pattern has previously been described. This report aims to describe the histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings of our second case, propose a novel thyroid tumor, and discuss its diagnostic pitfalls. Case presentation A 68-year-old female presented with an encapsulated thyroid tumor composed of thin and long trabeculae. No papillary, follicular, solid, or insular patterns are observed. The tumor cells were elongated or fusiform and arranged perpendicular to the trabecular axis. No nuclear findings of papillary thyroid carcinoma and increased basement membrane material were found. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for paired-box gene 8, thyroid transcription factor-1, and negative for thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and chromogranin A. Inter- and intra-trabecular accumulation of type IV collagen-positive materials was not demonstrated. None of PAX8/GLIS1 and PAX8/GLIS3 and mutations in BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, TERT promoter, CTNNB1, PTEN, and RET were detected. Conclusions We report our case as a novel disease entity called non-hyalinizing trabecular thyroid adenoma, which has the diagnostic pitfalls of hyalinizing trabecular tumor and medullary thyroid carcinoma