Multiple baculovirus infections in codling moth: CpGV-R5 help to CpGV-M cannot be substituted by CrpeNPV

International audienceThe most common resistance to Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in codling moth is the type I resistance, that results in a complete arrest of CpGV-Mexican isolate replication in all cells of resistant larvae. This arrest can be overcome by supplying CpGV-R5, a virus isolate able to replicate in such resistant larvae. Sequential ingestion of the two virus genotypes yields different results in function of the order of ingestion. Experiments were carried out with virus doses high enough to ensure about 80% mortality of larvae with CpGV-R5, and equal amounts of CpGV-M. No CpGV-M replication was observed when this virus was provided first, while double infections were detected if CpGV-R5 was supplied prior to CpGV-M. The delay between ingestion of the two viruses (30 to 240 minutes) did not influence the frequency of double infections. Cryptophlebia pestaltica nucleopolyhedrovirus (CrpeNPV) efficiently replicates in codling moth larvae, susceptible or resistant to CpGV-M replication. Mixed infections can be obtained by feeding susceptible larvae with CpGV-M and CrpeNPV or with CpGV-R5 and CrpeNPV, or by feeding resistant larvae with mixtures of CpGV-R5 and CrpeNPV. However, unlike CpGV-R5, CrpeNPV is not able to lift the restriction on CpGV-M replication in resistant larvae, indicating that the mechanism involved in resistance is specific

High resolution melting point application to the detection of the relative frequencies of genotypes in mixed infections of CpGV in coding moth

International audienceThe High resolution melting (HRM) was adapted to discriminate between two CpGV genotypes that can be present together in treated apple orchards: CpGV-M and CpGV-R5. CpGV-M is the prototype of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus. When a larva carrying the type I resistance ingest CpGV-M alone, the virus replication is blocked. CpGV-R5 is a virus isolate which replication is not affected by the presence of the type I resistance; it replicates similarly in insects carrying or not the type I resistance gene. When both genotypes are present in the same larva, both replicate, and WKH HIÀFDF\ RI FRQWURO LV KLJKHU ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR GHWHUPLQH ERWK WKHsuccess of replication in larvae taken from treated orchards, and the relative proportions of each virus genotype, to assess the resistance levels of the insect population. The HRM method takes advantage of 24 bps size difference between the pe38 gene alleles present in CpGV-R5 and CpGV-M. The allele present in CpGV-R5 is shorter compared with that in CpGV-M. The method has been applied to the detection of genetically pure and mixed viral populations. It has been tested on mixtures of Occlusion Bodies, and also on OBs recovered from larvae dying from mixed infections. Last, tests were done using hemolymph -that contains Budded Virus- from infected larva. Samples containing 90% of one genotype and 10% of the second are reliably qualified

Wireless Local Danger Warning: Cooperative Foresighted Driving Using Intervehicle Communication

International audienceVehicle collision mitigation, cooperative driving, and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication constitute a broad multidisciplinary research field that focuses on improving road safety. Statistics indicate that the primary cause of most road accidents is vehicles' excessive speed and delayed drivers reaction. Thus, road safety can be improved by early warning based on V2V communication. An innovative system called wireless local danger warning (WILLWARN), which is based on recent and future trends of cooperative driving, enables an electronic safety horizon for foresighted driving by implementing onboard vehicle-hazard detection and V2V communication. One of the key innovative features of the proposed system is the focus on low penetration levels in rural traffic by a new message-management strategy that is based on storing warning information in the vehicle and distributing warnings through communication, particularly with oncoming traffic. The system timely warns the driver about a dangerous situation ahead by decentralized distribution of warnings and incident messages via ad hoc intervehicle communication. The WILLWARN system is based on a modular object-oriented architecture consisting of the V2V communication module (VVC), the warning message-management module (WMM), the hazard-detection-management module (HDM), the hazard-warning-management module (HWM), a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, and various onboard sensors. In this paper, all system modules, as well as their interoperability, are presented in detail

Medicinal properties of Angelica archangelica root extract: cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells and its protective effects against in vivo tumor development

Although Angelica archangelica is a medicinal and aromatic plant with a long history of use for both medicinal and food purposes, there are no studies regarding the antineoplastic activity of its root. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antitumor effects of the crude extract of A. archangelica root (CEAA) on breast cancer. The cytotoxicity of CEAA against breast adenocarcinoma cells (4T1 and MCF-7) was evaluated by a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Morphological and biochemical changes were detected by Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V/PI staining. Cytosolic calcium mobilization was evaluated in cells staining with FURA-4NW. Immunoblotting was used to determine the effect of CEAA on anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax, respectively). The 4T1 cell-challenged mice were used for in vivo assay. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, angelicin, a constituent of the roots and leaves of A. archangelica, was found to be the major constituent of the CEAA evaluated in this study (73 mg/mL). The CEAA was cytotoxic for both breast cancer cell lines studied but not for human fibroblasts. Treatment of 4T1 cells with the CEAA increased Bax protein levels accompanied by decreased Bcl-2 expression, in the presence of cleaved caspase-3 and cytosolic calcium mobilization, suggesting mitochondrial involvement in breast cancer cell death induced by the CEAA in this cell line. No changes on the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were observed in CEAA-treated MCF7 cells. Gavage administration of the CEAA (500 mg/kg) to 4T1 cell-challenged mice significantly decreased tumor growth when compared with untreated animals. Altogether, our data show the antitumor potential of the CEAA against breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Further research is necessary to better elucidate the pharmacological application of the CEAA in breast cancer therapy172132140CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível SuperiorCNPQ - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoFAPESP – Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa Do Estado De São PauloSem informaçãoSem informação2008/58035-