人間の生活空間の周辺に棲むネパールラングールの行動生態：他種との相互作用と保全への意味合い

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(理学)甲第22722号理博第4631号新制||理||1665(附属図書館)京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻(主査)准教授 Michael Alan Huffman, 准教授 足立 幾磨, 教授 高田 昌彦学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of ScienceKyoto UniversityDGA

The Banj oak Quercus leucotrichophora as a potential mitigating factor for human-langur interactions in the Garhwal Himalayas, India: People’s perceptions and ecological importance

Crop-foraging by primates is a rapidly growing concern. Effective mitigation strategies are urgently required to resolve this issue. In the Garhwal Himalayas, local people’s high dependency on forest resources is a major cause of habitat loss, which paves the way for human-primate interactions in this area. To investigate the socioeconomic factors that might explain langur crop-foraging, we conducted structured interviews among 215 households in the Garhwal Himalayas in India. We also examined langur resource use by monitoring their feeding and sleeping site activity. Less agricultural land, less agricultural production, and possession of large numbers of livestock significantly predicted villagers reporting crop-foraging events, although economic status of the correspondents did not have any effect. Perception of the villagers about reduction in forest resource was significantly affected by the amount of livestock possessed by the villagers. Our observations suggested that Banj oak Quercus leucotrichophora was the dominant species (59.2%, N = 306) in the pool of sleeping trees used by the langurs. Langurs also showed a preference in their use of sleeping sites and feeding sites, which were different from that expected by chance. Sleeping sites with high density of oak were re-used most frequently. Similarly, dense oak patches were also the preferred feeding patches. Thus, we suggest replanting of oak trees and conservation of intact oak patches, environmental education outreach, and empowerment of women in the community as potential mitigating factors to lessen the interaction between humans and langurs

A Study of Prescription Practice for Drugs in Rural Area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Using WHO Indicators

Background It has been seen in recent decades that there is a lot of development in the field of medicine all over the world. This leads to flooding of medicines in the market. Developing countries are also not behind in this regard but there is lack of standards at all levels for medical treatment. The health care delivery system should be improved to secure the quality of life. In the case of Indian markets, it is also consumed with more than 70,000 formulations, compared to approximately 350 formulations listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Drug List. Several studies conducted in different regions of India have reported that most prescriptions in India are of drugs with “unclear efficiency.” Developing countries need to promote rational drug use which can be achieved by assessing the drug use patterns with the WHO drug use indicators Objective The present study was conducted in a rural area of Dehradun to assess the medicine prescriptions patterns among health facilities in this area using WHO Medication Use indicators. Material and Method: In this study, one hundred patients were interviewed about their socioeconomic statues along with complete medication history and ongoing medications, in a prescribed format. WHO guidelines were used for analyzing the data using Microsoft excel. The study was conducted in danda lakhond a rural area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Result We encountered various astonishing results in this study. The gender ratio for the present study was (78:22) for male: female subjects. Socioeconomic status of the study population was significantly good concerning literacy as only 03% of people were illiterate. Total prescribed drug products were 152; this indicates that an average number of drugs per prescription was 1.52. The generic drugs prescribed in this study were 113 which are 74% of the total number of drugs prescribed. When compared with (National List of essential medicines) of India nearly all prescribed drugs (n=152, 98 %) were included in the list. The present study included 10 therapeutic categories of the Prescribed drug, most prescribed drugs (n=34, 34%) were antibiotics in the study area and least prescribed drugs were antiviral drugs i.e. Only (n=03, 3%). Discussion The present study was an attempt to identify the prescribing pattern of drugs in a rural area of Dehradun Uttarakhand. A small study population was interviewed for this assessment. We concluded that prescription practices were good and WHO standards were followed in prescribing the medicines. Although, some parameters should also be corrected for WHO guidelines such as usage of antibiotics in prescriptions practices, average medicines prescribed per patient, and information regarding dosage form prescribed to patients

A preliminary study on the activity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys (Mammalia: Primates: Hylobatidae) in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Wildlife Trust of India has taken a long term responsibility to identify a suitable habitat for the threatened families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbon from a village called Dello in Arunachal Pradesh to a nearby forested area which was the earlier home of this species. There is an ongoing successful rescue and translocation programme since November, 2011 in which four Eastern Hoolock Gibbon families comprising 11 individuals were translocated in three different habitat types in and around the forested area of the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary.  Post-release monitoring is an obvious and required technique to study the rescued families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbons after translocation to confirm their post-release survival and better livelihood.  The regular monitoring of the activity patterns has helped to understand the habitat utilization and resource use in the newly released sites. Along with the rescue operation, there is an additional task to find out the potential habitats to define as ideal release sites for gibbons.  The post release monitoring was studied through the instantaneous scan sampling method to collect the information mostly about their activity patterns.  The present study describes the overall activity patterns and resource use in the released gibbons on the basis of utilization of different habitat types.  It was observed that the ranging pattern was mostly influenced by the resource availability and forest type.  The gibbon family released in the denser forest habitat developed a general food habit whereas the family from the thinner forest area became the specialist consumer.  However, further detailed study with sufficient data is required to comment on their general ecology.  </div

A preliminary study on the activity budget of post released Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys (Mammalia: Primates: Hylobatidae) in Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Wildlife Trust of India has taken a long term responsibility to identify a suitable habitat for the threatened families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbon from a village called Dello in Arunachal Pradesh to a nearby forested area which was the earlier home of this species. There is an ongoing successful rescue and translocation programme since November, 2011 in which four Eastern Hoolock Gibbon families comprising 11 individuals were translocated in three different habitat types in and around the forested area of the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary.  Post-release monitoring is an obvious and required technique to study the rescued families of Eastern Hoolock Gibbons after translocation to confirm their post-release survival and better livelihood.  The regular monitoring of the activity patterns has helped to understand the habitat utilization and resource use in the newly released sites. Along with the rescue operation, there is an additional task to find out the potential habitats to define as ideal release sites for gibbons.  The post release monitoring was studied through the instantaneous scan sampling method to collect the information mostly about their activity patterns.  The present study describes the overall activity patterns and resource use in the released gibbons on the basis of utilization of different habitat types.  It was observed that the ranging pattern was mostly influenced by the resource availability and forest type.  The gibbon family released in the denser forest habitat developed a general food habit whereas the family from the thinner forest area became the specialist consumer.  However, further detailed study with sufficient data is required to comment on their general ecology.  </div

Description of Enterobius (Colobenterobius) emodensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) collected from Central Himalayan langur, Semnopithecus schistaceus, in Uttarakhand, India

Hasegawa, Hideo, Nautiyal, Himani, Sasaki, Mizuki, Huffman, Michael A. (2018): Description of Enterobius (Colobenterobius) emodensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) collected from Central Himalayan langur, Semnopithecus schistaceus, in Uttarakhand, India. Zootaxa 4514 (1): 65-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4514.1.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Complex Disease with a Genetics Approach

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting females in their reproductive age. The early diagnosis of PCOS is complicated and complex due to overlapping symptoms of this disease. The most accepted diagnostic approach today is the Rotterdam Consensus (2003), which supports the positive diagnosis of PCOS when patients present two out of the following three symptoms: biochemical and clinical signs of hyperandrogenism, oligo, and anovulation, also polycystic ovarian morphology on sonography. Genetic variance, epigenetic changes, and disturbed lifestyle lead to the development of pathophysiological disturbances, which include hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation in PCOS females. At the molecular level, different proteins and molecular and signaling pathways are involved in disease progression, which leads to the failure of a single genetic diagnostic approach. The genetic approach to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis of PCOS was recently developed, whereby four phenotypic variances of PCOS categorize PCOS patients into classic, ovulatory, and non-hyperandrogenic types. Genetic studies help to identify the root cause for the development of this PCOS. PCOS genetic inheritance is autosomal dominant but the latest investigations revealed it as a multigene origin disease. Different genetic loci and specific genes have been identified so far as being associated with this disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and related genetic studies have changed the scenario for the diagnosis and treatment of this reproductive and metabolic condition known as PCOS. This review article briefly discusses different genes associated directly or indirectly with disease development and progression

Watering holes: The use of arboreal sources of drinking water by Old World monkeys and apes

Water is one of the most important components of an animal's diet, as it is essential for life. Primates, as do most animals, procure water directly from standing or free-flowing sources such as pools, ponds and rivers, or indirectly by the ingestion of certain plant parts. The latter is frequently described as the main source of water for predominantly arboreal species. However, in addition to these, many species are known to drink water accumulated in tree-holes. This has been commonly observed in several arboreal New World primate species, but rarely reported systematically from Old World primates. Here, we report observations of this behaviour from eight great ape and Old World monkey species, namely chimpanzee, orangutan, siamang, western hoolock gibbon, northern pig-tailed macaque, bonnet macaque, rhesus macaque and the central Himalayan langur. We hypothesise three possible reasons why these primates drink water from tree-holes: (1) coping with seasonal or habitat-specific water shortages, (2) predator/human conflict avoidance, and (3) potential medicinal benefits. We also suggest some alternative hypotheses that should be tested in future studies. This behaviour is likely to be more prevalent than currently thought, and may have significant, previously unknown, influences on primate survival and health, warranting further detailed studies. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved