Avaliação de silagens de capim elefante aditivadas com farelo de milho e inoculante da microbiota autóctone

Two experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the elephant grass silages added with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota , being held at the Center for Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) in Areia - PB. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, the recovery of dry matter and chemical composition of elephant grass silage added with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota. To evaluate the fermentation characteristics as well as other features we used a scheme 4 x 2 (four levels of corn bran x with and without inoculation) in a completely randomized design with five replications. The peak development of populations of lactic acid bacteria was observed when it was not employed any additive (9.61 log CFU/g). For values of lactic acid was observed significant effect (P <0.05) for both inoculant as corn bran, presenting a quadratic relation, decreasing the concentration of lactic acid from the use of 10 dag/kg corn bran. The addition of the inoculant increased the silages dry matter recovery in the absence of corn bran. However there was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the addition of inoculum in the presence of corn bran. The values of effluent losses declined linearly with increasing levels of corn bran. Gas losses were higher when it was added corn bran. The contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates, linear reduction (P<0.05), depending on the levels of corn bran. The neutral detergent fiber obtained a linear decrease (P <0.05). Significant effects (P <0.05) only for the inoculant organic matter and carbohydrates, with increased levels using the same. The inoculation of autochthonous microbiota enhances the fermentation characteristics of elephant grass silage only in the absence of corn bran, and the corn bran provides improvement in fermentation characteristics and composition of silage independent of the inoculant, being indicated for inclusion of 20 dag / kg of corn bran. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the degradation potential of silages with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota in fistulated cattle. For degradability evaluation we used up a block design with split plot in which three animals represented the blocks; silages were the xvi main plots, and seven hours of food ruminal incubation, the subplots. With the addition of corn bran there was an increase in the fraction of the silages, and so treatments with 20 dag/kg of corn bran fraction resulted in higher values of the dry matter, 31.49 and 29.02%, for treatments with and without inoculant, respectively. The insoluble potentially degradable fraction (B) of dry matter was higher in silages with 20 dag/kg of corn bran. In neutral detergent fiber, higher values of Bp were observed in the silage without corn bran, 56.52 and 57.19%, respectively, in the silages with and without inoculation of autochthonous microbiota. The addition of corn bran of elephant silage improves dry matter degradability of silages and decreases of neutral detergent fiber.Realizaram-se dois experimentos, com o objetivo de avaliar as silagens de capim-elefante aditivadas com farelo de milho e o inoculante da microbiota autóctone, sendo realizado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), no município de Areia-PB. O primeiro experimento teve como objetivo, avaliar as características fermentativas, a recuperação de matéria seca e a composição bromatológica de silagens de capim-elefante aditivadas com farelo de milho e o inoculante da microbiota autóctone. Para avaliação das características fermentativas assim como as demais características foi utilizado um esquema 4 x 2 (quatro níveis de farelo de milho x com e sem inoculante) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. O pico de desenvolvimento das populações de bactéria láticas foi observado quando não foi empregado nenhum tipo de aditivo (9,61 log UFC/g). Para os valores de ácido lático observou-se efeito significativo (P<0,05) tanto de inoculante quanto de farelo de milho, apresentando uma relação quadrática, decrescendo os teores de acido láctico a partir da utilização de 10 dag/kg do farelo de milho. A adição do inoculante elevou a recuperação de matéria seca das silagens na ausência do farelo de milho. No entanto, não se observou diferença significativa (P<0,05) na adição de inoculante na presença do farelo de milho. Os valores de perdas por efluentes reduziram linearmente com o aumento nos níveis de farelo de milho. As perdas por gases foram maiores quando não foi adicionado o farelo de milho. Os teores de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos, apresentaram aumento linear (P<0,05), em função dos níveis do farelo de milho, enquanto a fibra em detergente neutro redução linear (P<0,05). Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) do inoculante apenas para matéria orgânica e carboidratos totais, apresentando aumento dos teores com a utilização do mesmo. O inoculante da microbiota autóctone melhora as características fermentativas da silagem de capim-elefante somente na ausência de farelo de milho, e o farelo de milho proporciona melhoria nas características fermentativas e na composição bromatológica da silagem independente do inoculante, sendo indicado a inclusão de 20 dag/kg de farelo de milho. No segundo xiv experimento objetivo-se avaliar a degradabilidade dos nutrientes das silagens aditivadas com o farelo de milho e o inoculante da microbiota autóctone em bovinos fistulados. Para avaliação da degradabilidade utilizou-se delineamento em blocos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, no qual os três animais representaram os blocos; as silagens foram alocadas e os sete horários de incubação dos alimentos no rúmen, nas subparcelas. Com a adição do farelo de milho houve acréscimo da fração A nas silagens, e com isso os tratamentos com 20 dag/kg de farelo de milho resultaram nos maiores valores fração A da matéria seca, com 31,49 e 29,02%, para os tratamentos sem e com inoculante, respectivamente. A fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável (B) da matéria seca foi maior nas silagens com 20 dag/kg de farelo de milho. Na fibra em detergente neutro, os maiores valores de BP foram observados nas silagens sem farelo de milho, 56,52 e 57,19%, respectivamente, nas silagens de capim sem e com inoculante da microbiota autóctone. A adição de farelo de milho em silagens de capim-elefante melhora a degradabilidade da matéria seca das silagens e diminui a da fibra em detergente neutro

Occurrence of pests and diseases in cactus pear genotypes / Ocorrência de pragas e doenças em genótipos de palma forrageira

The objective was to evaluate the occurrence of pests, diseases and mortality rate in nine genotypes of cactus pear (Nopalea cochenillifera) destined for forage production. The genotypes were implanted in a complete randomized block design, with nine treatments and three replications. After 330 days of cultivation, the occurrence of pests and diseases and verification of plant mortality were carried out. Among all the pests and diseases observed in this experimental trial, the most prevalent disease regardless of the evaluated genotype was the anthracnose stain “Colletotrichum gloeosporioides” (49.20%) and the less frequent diseases were the resine “Dothiorella ribis” (6.87%) and soft rot “Erwinia carotovora” (2.58%). The only occurrence pest was the cochineal in scales “Diaspis echinocacti” (22.69%). The Texas (V13) and Negro Michoacan (F07) genotypes showed the highest occurrence of pests and diseases, from 50% of the total plants, followed by anthracnose stain and cochineal in scales. On the contrary, the genotypes Tamazunchale (V12) and California (V14) were not affected by any pest or disease. It was observed that the genotypes Nopalea Uruapan (V20) and Blanco San Pedro (V19), had a lower occurrence of pests and diseases, less than 20% of the total plants. The genotypes that presented the highest mortality rate were Texas (V13), Blanco San Pedro (V19) and Polotitlan (V09), with 80, 70 and 65% mortality rate, respectively. The genotypes Nopalea Uruapan (V20) and California (V14) had the lowest mortality rate (20 and 35%), respectively. The genotypes that were least affected by pests and diseases and had the lowest mortality rate are Tamazunchale (V12), California (V14) and Nopalea Uruapan (V20)

Elephant grass ensiled with wheat bran compared with corn silage in diets for lactating goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of wheat bran as an additive in elephant-grass silage on intake and digestibility of the nutrients, ingestive behavior, and yield and chemical composition of milk. Eight goats with 45 days of lactation were distributed in a (4 × 4) Latin square design.The treatments consisted of corn silage (CS), elephant-grass silage without wheat bran (EGS), elephant-grass silage with 10% wheat bran (EGS+10%WB), and elephant-grass silage with 20% wheat bran (EGS+20% WB). There was no difference in dry matter (DM) intake between diets EGS and CS in g d−1. However, the animals fed EGS+10%WB had lower DM and organic matter (OM) intakes than the animals fed CS in g kg−1 d−1 of body weight. There were lower non-fiber carbohydrate and metabolize energy intakes by animals fed diets based on elephant-grass silages than those fed CS. The EGS+20%WB diet provided lower digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and digestible nutrients of the diet than the diet with CS. The NDF digestibility coefficient with diet EGS was greater than that obtained with diet CS. The diets with corn and elephant-grass silages provided similar milk yield levels. However, the animals fed diets based on EGS+20% WB produced less total-solids-corrected milk than the animals fed CS. No difference was found in the milk physicochemical properties and ingestive behavior of goats in this study. Corn silage can be replaced by elephant-grass silage harvested at 50 days of regrowth and elephant-grass silage with 10% wheat bran without influencing goat performance, behavioral variables, physiological variables, milk yield or the milk physicochemical properties

Características agronômicas e eficiência do uso da chuva em cultivares de sorgo no semiárido

Objetivou-se quantificar o rendimento forrageiro, o percentual de componentes da planta, as características morfométricas e a eficiência do uso da chuva de cinco genótipos de sorgo para silagem no semiárido paraibano. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Pendência, no município de Soledade-PB. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos experimentais representados por cinco genótipos de sorgo: Ponta Negra, SF 15 IPA 1011, IPA 2502 e IPA 46742. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os genótipos para a produção de matéria natural e produção de matéria seca e para o percentual de lâmina foliar. Entretanto, para o percentual de colmo foram observados maiores valores (P<0,05) para os genótipos Ponta Negra e IPA 46742. O percentual de panícula foi superior (P<0,05) para as cultivares 'IPA 1011' e 'IPA 2502'. As cultivares 'IPA 1011' e 'IPA 2502' apresentaram percentual de panícula acima de 38% da MS. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) para eficiência no uso da água de chuva entre os genótipos estudados, com valores variando de 94,37 a 126,25kg de MS ha-1 mm-1. Os genótipos avaliados apresentam elevada eficiência no uso da chuva e produtividade. Recomenda-se o IPA 1011 pela maior participação de panícula

Divergence of the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of 25 sorghum hybrid silages

The objective of this study was to evaluate the divergence of bromatological and fermentative characteristics of silages of 25 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids. The experimental design was completely randomized with 25 treatments and four replications. The mean values of pH differed with variation from 3.45 to 3.87 for hybrids 866005 and 870051, respectively, and the mean pH value was 3.66. The average percentage of lactic acid ranged from 2.90 to 7.43 dag/kg of dry matter (DM) in hybrids 870035 and 866005, respectively, with an average of 4.65 dag/kg DM. Through cluster analysis by the Tocher method and average Euclidean distance based on the fermentative characteristics, five groups were formed: one with 18 hybrids, another with four and three groups with one hybrid in each. In group three, there were the hybrids that showed the highest values of lactic acid. Hybrids 870025, 870035, 870081, 870095, 866034, and 870031 showed higher DM content and the hybrid BRS 610 had the lowest average compared with the others. Hybrids 1F305, BRS 610, Volumax, and XBS60329 had the lowest levels of non-fiber carbohydrates and higher neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein. Despite the fermentative and bromatological divergences between hybrids, they are not a limiting factor to silage production