Overall Feature of CP dependence for Neutrino Oscillation Probability in Arbitrary Matter Profile

We study the CP dependence of neutrino oscillation probability for all channels in arbitrary matter profile within three generations. We show that an oscillation probability for \nu_e \to \nu_\mu can be written in the form P(\nu_e \to \nu_\mu) =A_{e\mu} cos \delta + B_{e\mu} sin \delta + C_{e\mu} without any approximation using the CP phase \delta. This result holds not only in constant matter but also in arbitrary matter. Another probability for \nu_\mu \to \nu_\tau can be written in the form P(\nu_\mu \to \nu_\tau)= A_{\mu\tau} cos \delta + B_{\mu\tau} sin \delta + C_{\mu\tau} + D_{\mu\tau} cos 2\delta + E_{\mu\tau} sin 2\delta. The term which is proportional to sin 2\delta disappear, namely E_{\mu\tau}=0, in symmetric matter. It means that the probability reduces to the same form as in constant matter. As for other channels, probabilities in arbitrary matter are at most the quadratic polynomials of sin \delta and cos \delta as in the above two channels. In symmetric matter, the oscillation probability for each channel reduces to the same form with respect to \delta as that in constant matter.Comment: 11 pages, no figures, LaTeX2e, a few misprints have been correcte

Quantification of image quality of intra-fractional cone-beam computed tomography for arc irradiation with various imaging condition

BACKGROUND: 3-dimensional intra-cone beam computed tomography (intra-CBCT) could be a potentially powerful tool for use with arc irradiation such as volumetric modulated arc therapy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the image quality of intra-cone beam computed tomography (intra-CBCT) for arc irradiation with various imaging condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two types of intra-CBCT imaging techniques were evaluated — intra-fractional CBCT with flattening filtered (FF) beam (intra-FF CBCT) and that with flattening filter free (FFF) beam (intra-FFF CBCT). For the intra-MV beams, four different field sizes (2 cm x 2 cm, 5 cm x 5 cm, 10 cm x 10 cm, and 20 cm x 20 cm) were used with dose rates of 500 MU/min and 1600 MU/min, for 6 MV FF and 6 MV FFF, respectively. For all image acquisitions, two rotation angles (full-arc and half-arc) were investigated. Thereafter, the linearity, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and uniformity index (UI) of intra-CBCT image were compared with those of conventional CBCT image. RESULTS: All acquisition conditions had good linearity of the CT value (R2 > 0.99). For CNR, the change rates from conventional CBCT ranged from 0.6–33.7% for a 2 cm x 2 cm beam, whereas that for a 20 cm x 20 cm beam ranged from 62.7–82.3%. Similarly, the UI increased from 1.5% to 7.0% as the field size increased. CONCLUSION: Quality of intra-CBCT image was affected by the field size and acquisition angle. Image quality of intra-CBCT was worse than that of conventional CBCT, but it was better under a smaller field and wider correction angle and would be acceptable for clinical use.

Extraction of copper from complex carbonaceous sulfide ore by direct high-pressure leaching

The increase of impurities and complexity of copper ores are among the recent challenges in the mining industry. Complex carbonaceous sulfide ores are extremely difficult to treat due to their mineralogical complexity and impurities of organic carbon and carbonates. This study focuses on the development of a hydrometallurgical process for efficient copper extraction from complex carbonaceous sulfide ore which contains chalcopyrite, carbonates (dolomite and calcite), and carbonaceous gangue minerals. Characterization of the ore sample and leach residues was conducted using XRD and EPMA analysis, while ICP-OES was used for the determination of total dissolved metals in solution. High-pressure leaching of complex carbonaceous sulfide ore in oxygenated sulfuric acid solution was performed and the influence of leaching parameters such as sulfuric acid concentration, temperature, total pressure, and pulp density was studied. The extraction of copper increased with increasing temperature, sulfuric acid concentration, and total pressure. On the other hand, an increase in pulp density resulted in a decline in copper extraction due to an increased slurry viscosity and resistance in the diffusive mass transfer of reactants. Selective dissolution of copper from iron can be achieved by controlling free acidity in the pregnant leach solution (PLS). Under these leaching conditions: 100 g/L, 1 M H2SO4, 160 ◦C, 1.0 MPa total pressure, the highest copper and iron extractions achieved were 97.55% and 95.37%, respectively. Precipitation of copper from the PLS by NaSH sulfidization was investigated and more than 99.9% of copper was recovered at a Cu: NaSH molar ratio of 1:1.8