Lunar orbital photogaphic planning charts for candidate Apollo J-missions

A technique is presented for minimizing Mapping Camera film usage by reducing redundant coverage while meeting the desired sidelap of greater than or equal to 55%. The technique uses the normal groundtrack separation determined as a function of the number of revolutions between the respective tracks, of the initial and final nodal azimuths (or orbital inclination), and of the lunar latitude. The technique is also applicable for planning Panoramic Camera photography such that photographic contiguity is attained but redundant coverage is minimized. Graphs are included for planning mapping camera (MC) and panoramic camera (PC) photographic passes for a specific mission (i.e., specific groundtracks) to Descartes (Apollo 16), for specific missions to potential Apollo 17 sites such as Alphonsus, Proclus, Gassendi, Davy, and Tycho, and for a potential Apollo orbit-only mission with a nodal azimuth of 85 deg. Graphs are also included for determining the maximum number of revolutions which can elapse between successive MC and PC passes, for greater than or equal 55% sidelap and rectified contiguity respectively, for nodal azimuths between 5 deg and 85 deg

Isotopic fractionation of carbon, deuterium and nitrogen : a full chemical study

Context. The increased sensitivity and high spectral resolution of millimeter telescopes allow the detection of an increasing number of isotopically substituted molecules in the interstellar medium. The 14N/ 15N ratio is difficult to measure directly for carbon containing molecules. Aims. We want to check the underlying hypothesis that the 13C/ 12C ratio of nitriles and isonitriles is equal to the elemental value via a chemical time dependent gas phase chemical model. Methods. We have built a chemical network containing D, 13C and 15N molecular species after a careful check of the possible fractionation reactions at work in the gas phase. Results. Model results obtained for 2 different physical conditions corresponding respectively to a moderately dense cloud in an early evolutionary stage and a dense depleted pre-stellar core tend to show that ammonia and its singly deuterated form are somewhat enriched in 15N, in agreement with observations. The 14N/ 15N ratio in N2H+ is found to be close to the elemental value, in contrast to previous models which obtain a significant enrichment, as we found that the fractionation reaction between 15N and N2H+ has a barrier in the entrance channel. The large values of the N2H+/15NNH+ and N2H+/ N15NH+ ratios derived in L1544 cannot be reproduced in our model. Finally we find that nitriles and isonitriles are in fact significantly depleted in 13C, questioning previous interpretations of observed C15N, HC15N and H15NC abundances from 13C containing isotopologues.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures in the text, 3 Figures in the appendices. 7 tables in the text, 4 tables in the appendices. Accepted for publication by Astronomy Astrophysic

Lunar surface temperatures from Apollo 11 data

Thermal analysis of lunar surface temperature data from Apollo 11 fligh

The semiquinone radical anion of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione: synthesis and rare earth coordination chemistry

Reduction of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (pd) with CoCpR2 resulted in the first molecular compounds of the pd˙− semi-quinone radical anion, [CoCpR2]+[pd]˙− (R = H, (1); R = Me4, (2)). Furthermore compounds 1 and 2 were reacted with [Y(hfac)3(thf)2] (hfac = 1,1,1-5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate) to synthesise the rare earth-transition metal heterometallic compounds, [CoCpR2]+[Y(hfac)3(N,N′-pd)]˙− (R = H, (3); R = Me4, (4))

II. On the structure and biology of archotermopsis, together with descriptions of new species of intestinal protozoa, and general observations on the isoptera

The following paper is intended as a contribution towards a knowledge of the structure and biology of Archotermopsis wroughtoni, Desn., one of the most primitive of living Termites. Included herewith are also observations and deductions bearing upon some of the more important general biological problems which are associated with the Isoptera. Archotermopsis wroughtoni was described 12 years ago by Desneux from examples taken by Wroughton in June, 1903. They were discovered in old stumps of trees, chiefly Pinus excelsa, in the Kashmir Valley. Since its discovery, this species has remained a great rarity, and practically nothing had been ascertained concerning its biology. In June, 1910, I first came across this insect in a decaying fallen trunk of Pinus excelsa, in a forest area situated between the Kuari Pass and Ramni, at an altitude of about 8,500 feet, in the Himalayas of British Garwhal. In the same month during 1912 I had the good fortune to meet with it in great abundance in a dead fallen trunk of Pinus longifolia near Dharmoti, in the Ranikhet District. This locality is situated at an altitude of about 4,000 feet in the Kumaon Himalaya. Being aware of the biological and phylogenetic interest likely to be afforded by a study of this species, I made a prolonged search in many other likely localities in the North Western Himalayas during the years 1912-13. It was subsequently found plentifully at Bhowali, near Naini Tal, at an elevation of 5,800 feet, near Nadh in the Ohakrata District of Jaunsar, and I have also been able to procure examples from near Gulmerg in Kashmir. It seems probable, therefore, that it will eventually be found to be generally distributed in the lower-level coniferous forests of the North Western Himalayas, up to an elevation of about 9,000 feet

Discrimination of hot versus cold avalanche deposits: Implications for hazard assessment at Mount Meager, B.C.

The surficial deposits surrounding the Mount Meager volcanic complex include numerous avalanche deposits. These deposits share many attributes: (a) they are nearly monolithologic and comprise mainly intermediate volcanic rock clasts, (b) they lack internal structure, and (c) they are very poorly sorted. Despite these similarities, the avalanche deposits represent two distinct processes. Mass wasting of the Mount Meager volcanic edifice has produced cold rock avalanche deposits, whereas gravitational collapse of active lava domes and flows has produced hot block and ash avalanche deposits. The ability to discriminate between these "hot" and "cold" avalanche deposits is a critical component in the assessment of hazards in volcanic terranes. Hot block and ash avalanche deposits can be distinguished by the presence of radially-oriented joints, breadcrust textures, and incipient welding, which are features indicative of high emplacement temperatures. Conversely, rock avalanche deposits resulting from mass wasting events may be distinguished by the presence of clasts that preserve pre-depositional weathering and jointing surfaces. Volcanic avalanches are mechanically similar to rock avalanches but pose a greater hazard due to high temperatures, increased fluidization from degassing and the potential to decouple highly mobile elutriated ash clouds. The increasing use of hazardous regions such as the Lillooet River valley requires more reliable risk assessment in order to minimize losses from future hazardous events

Use of probiotic Lactobacillus preparation to prevent diarrhoea associated with antibiotics: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial

Objective To determine the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus for the prevention of any diarrhoea associated with antibiotic use and that caused by Clostridium difficile. Design Randomised double blind placebo controlled study. Participants 135 hospital patients (mean age 74) taking antibiotics. Exclusions included diarrhoea on admission, bowel pathology that could result in diarrhoea, antibiotic use in the previous four weeks, severe illness, immunosuppression, bowel surgery, artificial heart valves, and history of rheumatic heart disease or infective endocarditis. Intervention Consumption of a 100 g (97 ml) drink containing Lactobacillus casei, L bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus twice a day during a course of antibiotics and for one week after the course finished. The placebo group received a longlife sterile milkshake. Main outcome measures Primary outcome: occurrence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Secondary outcome: presence of C difficile toxin and diarrhoea. Results 7/57 (12%) of the probiotic group developed diarrhoea associated with antibiotic use compared with 19/56 (34%) in the placebo group (P=0.007). Logistic regression to control for other factors gave an odds ratio 0.25 (95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.85) for use of the probiotic, with low albumin and sodium also increasing the risk of diarrhoea. The absolute risk reduction was 21.6% (6.6% to 36.6%), and the number needed to treat was 5 (3 to 15). No one in the probiotic group and 9/53 (17%) in the placebo group had diarrhoea caused by C difficile (P=0.001). The absolute risk reduction was 17% (7% to 27%), and the number needed to treat was 6 (4 to 14). Conclusion Consumption of a probiotic drink containing L casei, L bulgaricus, and S thermophilus reduce the incidence of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and C difficile associated diarrhoea. This has the potential to decrease morbidity, healthcare costs, and mortality if used routinely in patients aged over 50

Close contact restriction periods for patients who received iodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer

Objective. Patients treated with radionuclide therapy may require restrictions on certain activities for a period of time following treatment to optimise protection of the public and ensure the legal dose limit is not exceeded. Software may be used to calculate necessary restriction periods for an individual based on longitudinal dose rate measurements from the time of radiopharmaceutical administration. A spreadsheet program has been used for this purpose in Australian hospitals for the last two decades. However, this spreadsheet has a limitation in that it uses an approximation in the calculation of dose from a contact pattern, which affects the calculated restriction period. A computer program called Dorn was developed that provides the same functionality as the spreadsheet but without this approximation. Proffered radiation safety advice from Dorn and the spreadsheet were compared. Approach. Advice from the spreadsheet and Dorn were compared for 55 patients who underwent iodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer. Main results. The restriction periods for caring for infants, close contact with children and sleeping with a partner were typically about 13 hours longer in Dorn than in the spreadsheet, but in some cases were over a week shorter or a month longer. Significance. If the Dorn program is used clinically in place of the spreadsheet, some patients will enjoy shorter restriction periods and the therapy provider can be more confident in their compliance with regulatory requirements and best practice. Dorn is freely available from https://doi.org/jg5f.Comment: 17 pages, 16 figure