Prominent volcanic source of volatiles in the south polar region of the Moon

Gas-rich discharges of magma produced pyroclastic vents on the lunar surface. Calculations suggest those pyroclastic vents repeatedly generated 1012 to 1015 g of H2O and CO + CO2 for pyroclastic volumes of 10 to 500 km3 early in lunar history, particularly during the first billion years of lunar history. Some of those volatiles migrated to the lunar poles where they could be trapped in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). The largest indigenous source of volatiles in the south polar region was volcanism that occurred on the floor of the Schrödinger impact basin.David A. Kring, Georgiana Y. Kramer, D. Benjamin J. Bussey, Dana M. Hurley, Angela M. Stickle, Carolyn H. van der Boger

Topography and Permanently Shaded Regions (PSRs) of the Moon’s South Polar Nearside

This map is based on data released by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA). The map is centered at -87°S, 0°E and shows the LOLA 20-m elevation product (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Smith et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2017). The elevation data are overlain on a derived hillshade with solar azimuth 45°W and solar elevation 45°. Permanently shaded Regions (PSRs) larger than 10 km2 digitized by Arizona State University and determined by Mazarico et al. (2011) are shown with hatch markings. 1000-m elevation contours (relative to global radius) are shown as white lines with elevations marked (black numbers). Spot elevations are labeled in white. Polar stereographic projection is used with scale true at the pole. Selected feature names are included on the map.This map is a product of the LPI Regional Image Facility: Julie Stopar and David Krin

Introduction—First Billion Years: Habitability

The physical processes active during the first billion years (FBY) of Earth's history, such as accretion, differentiation, and impact cratering, provide constraints on the initial conditions that were conducive to the formation and establishment of life on Earth. This motivated the Lunar and Planetary Institute's FBY topical initiative, which was a four-part conference series intended to look at each of these physical processes to study the basic structure and composition of our Solar System that was set during the FBY. The FBY Habitability conference, held in September 2019, was the last in this series and was intended to synthesize the initiative; specifically, to further our understanding of the origins of life, planetary and environmental habitability, and the search for life beyond Earth. The conference included discussions of planetary habitability and the potential emergence of life on bodies within our Solar System, as well as extrasolar systems by applying our knowledge of the Solar System's FBY, and in particular Earth's early history.Edgard G. Rivera-Valentín, Justin Filiberto, Kennda L. Lynch, Irena Mamajanov, Timothy W. Lyons, Mitch Schulte, and Abel Ménde

Chromium Isotopic Evidence for Mixing of NC and CC Reservoirs in Polymict Ureilites: Implications for Dynamical Models of the Early Solar System

Nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies show that the first few million years of solar system history were characterized by two distinct cosmochemical reservoirs, CC (carbonaceous chondrites and related differentiated meteorites) and NC (the terrestrial planets and all other groups of chondrites and differentiated meteorites), widely interpreted to correspond to the outer and inner solar system, respectively. At some point, however, bulk CC and NC materials became mixed, and several dynamical models offer explanations for how and when this occurred. We use xenoliths of CC materials in polymict ureilite (NC) breccias to test the applicability of such models.Cyrena A. Goodrich, Matthew E. Sanborn, Qing-Zhu Yin, Issaku Kohl, David Frank, R. Terik Daly, Kevin J. Walsh, Michael E. Zolensky, Edward R. D. Young, Peter Jenniskens, and Muawia H. Shadda

Terrestrial Analogs 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2595)

Discussions of scientific investigations of planetary analog terrains and processes, exploration strategies, and orbit-to-ground comparisons. Abstracts were solicited for topics including various planetary processes (volcanic, impact, aeolian, subaqueous, mass-wasting, glacial, tectonic, and others) as well as geophysical, geochemical, and astrobiological investigations. Discussions of field methods, sampling techniques, exploration strategies, technology applications, and ground-truthing were also solicited, as were topics related to data standardization and dissemination. In addition, the workshop aimed to address analog work that will benefit human and robotic exploration of other planetary surfaces.Conveners Lauren Edgar, Amber Gullikson, Melody Hartke, Elise Rumpf, Jim SkinnerPARTIAL CONTENTS: Fjord-Head Deltas in Finnmark, Norway: Analogs for Paleolake Fan-Deltas in Xanthe Terra, Mars / J. W. Luna, K. Crane, and G. D. Corner -- Mafic Aeolian Systems on Earth as Analogues for Mars / E. M. Lund and R. C. Ewing -- Investigating Transitional Subsurface Habitable Zones in Martian Paleolake Analog Environments / K. L. Lynch -- Waqf As Suwaan as a Titan Crater Analog: The Role of Fluvial Erosion / S. M. MacKenzie, R. D. Lorenz, E. P. Turtle, and C. D. Neish -- Enabling Planetary Exploration Strategy Research in Analogs with Playbook / J. J. Marquez -- Grain Size and Shape Analysis of Basaltic Aeolian and Fluvial Sediment in a Volcanic Catchment: Ϸórisjökull Glacier, Iceland / K. G. Mason, R. C. Ewing, M. Nachon, E. B. Rampe, B. Horgan, M. G. A. Lapotre, C. C. Bedford, P. Sinha, E. Champion, and P. Gray -- Virtual Reality Enabled Exploration of Planetary Geologic Analogs — Towards VR-Enabled Robotic Exploration of the Moon / M. A. Matiella Novak, K. D. Runyon, J. Strang, C. Hibbitts, and J. Heldmann -- Correlating Grain-Scale Properties and Synthetic Aperture Radar on Arid Alluvial Fans for Interpreting Planetary Surfaces / A. D. Maue, D. M. Burr, and M. J. Jarquin -- Investigation of a Mars-Analog Basaltic Subsurface Lava Tube Environment / A. C. McAdam, C. N. Achilles, D. M. Bower, C. B. Fishman, M. Millan, S. S. Johnson, M. Napoleoni, C. A. Knudson, M. Weng, J. E. Bleacher, R. D. Arevalo, M. Musilova, and K. E. Young -- Scientific Physical and Operations Characterization (SPOC): Studying Scientists in the Wild to Inform Human Planetary Exploration Operations / M. J. Miller, L. Stirling, R. Vitali, S. Murphy, K. J. Kim, C. W. Pittman, M. Miller, and T. Graff -- Cerro Gordo, an Analog of a Martian Composite Volcano / O. G. Monasterio, J. S. Oliveira, S. F. Romero, J. L. García Bueno, and M. Diaz Michelena -- Mars-Analogue Alluvial Fans in the Chilean Atacama Desert / A. M. Morgan, M. C. Palucis, R. M. E. Williams, D. E. H. Hobley, J. M. Moore, and R. A. Craddock -- What Makes a Great Terrestrial Planetary Analog? / P. J. Mouginis-Mark -- Terrestrial Hot Springs as Analogs for Hydrothermal Deposits on Mars / C. Munoz-Saez, B. Black, J. Gong, and A. Perez-Fodich

Formation of Tridymite and Evidence for a Hydrothermal History at Gale Crater, Mars

Using data from Curiosity’s instrument suite, we show that the tridymite‐bearing rocks exhibit similar chemical patterns with silicon‐rich alteration zones which crosscut the layered sediments. We infer that the tridymite formed in‐place through hydrothermal processes and show additional chemical and mineralogical results from Gale crater consistent with hydrothermal activity occurring after sediment deposition and lithification.A. S. Yen, R. V. Morris, D. W. Ming, S. P. Schwenzer, B. Sutter, D. T. Vaniman, A. H. Treiman, R. Gellert, C. N. Achilles, J. A. Berger, D. F. Blake, N. I. Boyd, T. F. Bristow, S. Chipera, B. C. Clark, P. I. Craig, R. T. Downs, H. B. Franz, T. Gabriel, A. C. McAdam, S. M. Morrison, C. D. O’Connell‐Cooper, E. B. Rampe, M. E. Schmidt, L. M. Thompson, S. J. VanBommel

Shaping of the Present-Day Deep Biosphere at Chicxulub by the Impact Catastrophe That Ended the Cretaceous

We report on the effect of the end-Cretaceous impact event on the present-day deep microbial biosphere at the impact site. IODP-ICDP Expedition 364 drilled into the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater, México, allowing us to investigate the microbial communities within this structure. Increased cell biomass was found in the impact suevite, which was deposited within the first few hours of the Cenozoic, demonstrating that the impact produced a new lithological horizon that caused a long-term improvement in deep subsurface colonization potential.Charles S. Cockell, Bettina Schaefer, Cornelia Wuchter, Marco J. L. Coolen, Kliti Grice, Luzie Schnieders, Joanna V. Morgan, Sean P. S. Gulick, Axel Wittmann, Johanna Lofi, Gail L. Christeson, David A. Kring, Michael T. Whalen, Timothy J. Bralower, Gordon R. Osinski, Philippe Claeys, Pim Kaskes, Sietze J. de Graaff, Thomas Déhais, Steven Goderis, Natali Hernandez Becerra, Sophie Nixon and IODP-ICDP Expedition Scientist

Surface Energy Budget, Mars Science Laboratory, Mars

A description of this dataset can be found in the file README.docxThis dataset contains all the values necessary to reproduce each figure shown in the manuscript: Martinez et al., 2021, The Surface Energy Budget at Gale Crater during the first 2500 sols of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, JGR:Planets (under review).The generation of this dataset was supported by Jet Propulsion Laboratory grant number 1449038 and LPI/USRA Subaward No. Subk00011877

5th Planetary Data and PSIDA 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2549)

Topics include the status of planetary data and accessibility, updates on mission archives and tools, informatics applications, data analytics technologies and capabilities, and new processing and visualization tools.Convener Trent Hare, Tom SteinPARTIAL CONTENTS: Migrating the Cassini RADAR Archive to PDS4 / P. E. Geissler -- In the Footsteps of the First: Apollo 14 Spatiotemporal Map / N. R. Gonzales, J. A. Schulte, and M. S. Robinson -- Functional Programming for Dummies: The Data Flow Perspective / B. Grieger -- Cloud Processing of PDS Archival Products with Amazon Web Services, Kubernetes, and Elasticsearch / K. M. Grimes, R. Verma, J. M. McAuley, T. Soliman, A. Natha, and Z. M. Taylor -- Migration of Magellan Mission from the PDS3 to the PDS4 Standard / E. A. Guinness, D. V. Politte, and S. Slavney -- Standards Proposal for 2021 to Support Planetary Coordinate Reference Systems for Open Geospatial Web Services / T. M. Hare and J-C. Malapert -- Building a Lunar Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) / T. M. Hare, B. J. Thomson, L. R. Gaddis, J. Stopar, B. A. Archinal, / J. R. Laura, and MAPSIT Steering Committee -- Access to Planet High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Earth Observation Imagery via the NASA Commercial Smallsat Data Acquisition (CSDA) Program / T. N. Harrison and J. Mascaro -- The Rosetta Science Archive: Preparing for Legacy Science / D. J. Heather, M. G. G. Taylor, S. Besse, I. Barbarisi, A. Montero, / R. Docasal, and B. Grieger -- Atmospheres Data: Galileo, Mariner, Juno Migration / L. F. Huber, T. Güth, J. Emmett, N. Chanover, and L. D. V. Neakrase -- The State of the PDS4 Information Model / J. S. Hughes, J. H. Padams, R. S. Joyner, M. S. Bentley, T. Lim, and T. G. Loubrieu -- AstroLink Roadmap for the Preservation, Digitization, and Service of Historically Significant Materials / M. A. Hunter and A. E. Zink -- Migration to the Cloud: Lessons Learned from the Project “Development and Operation of the Astromaterials Data System” / P. Ji, K. Lehnert, D. Stern, J. D. Figueroa, L. Profeta, J. Mays, A. Johansson, and L. Song

Planetary Geologic Mappers 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2610)

The annual meeting will bring together community members to report progress on geologic mapping projects, discuss a wide range of mapping strategies, and coordinate map-based scientific investigations of planetary surfaces at multiple scales.Conveners Pete Mouginis-Mark, Jim SkinnerPARTIAL CONTENTS: Venus Quadrangles Shimti Tessera (V-11) and Vellamo Planitia (V-12): Implications of the Venus Shield Plains Unit / J. C. Aubele -- Mineralogical and Geomorphological Characterization of a Martian Crater in Northern Meridiani Planum Terrains / B. Baschetti, F. Altieri, C. Carli, A. Frigeri, and M. Sgavetti -- Geomorphic Map (1:10,000) and Science Target Identification in Artemis III AOI 001 and 004 on the Shackleton-de Gerlache Ridge / H. Bernhardt and M. S. Robinson -- Landforms Analysis of a Floor Fractured Crater in Terra Sirenum, Mars / S. Bertoli, M. Massironi, C. Baroni, and M. C. Salvatore -- Mapping a Duck: Geological Features and Region Definitions on Comet 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko / S. Besse, M. Leon-Dasi, B. Grieger, and M. Kueppers -- Improving the Accessibility and Functionality of Planetary Maps Through Web-Based Resources / S. R. Black and J. A. Skinner -- Progress on Geologic Mapping in the Southern Utopia Basin / H. Buban and C. Okubo -- Geologic Mapping (1:60K) of Aeolis Mons, Gale Crater, Mars and Spectral Interpretation of Map Units / D. L. Buczkowski, I. E. Ettenborough, K. D. Seelos, B. J. Thomson, and L. S. Crumpler -- Geologic Map of the Lachesis Tessera Quadrangle (V-18), Venus / D. L. Buczkowski, L. A. Fattaruso, E. M. McGowan, and G. E. McGill -- Status Update on the Inaugural NASA Planetary Geologic Mapping Workshop: Selected for June -- D. M. Burr, J. Wolak Luna, Z. A. Learner Ponterio, J. A. Skinner, and S. R. Black -- Creating Multispectral Mosaics of Mars’ South Polar Residual Cap from CRISM Mapping Data / S. F. A. Cartwright, F. P. Seelos, R. T. Poffenbarger, and W. M. Calvin -- Geological Mapping and Stratigraphy of Thrace and Thera Macula, Europa / G. Chiarolanza, G. Mitri, and M. Pondrelli