The diversity of the tourists movement in the Tatra National Park : selected examples

The Tatra National Park is the most often visited national park in Poland. About 3 milions people visit the Tatra National Park every year. The research was conducted in August and September 2009 on the Orla Perć trail and in August 2012 on the peak of Kasprowy Wierch and in the Strążyska Valley. A total number of 650 tourists were surveyed. The study includes the general characterization of the tourist structure in the Tatras. It also describes the frequency of the tourist visits and includes an assessment of tourists’ experiences in the Tatra Mountains. The results inform also about the knowledge of the TOPR emergency rescue phone number among the tourists. The main objective of the survey was to determine the tourists’ motivation. On the basis of the completed data certain conclusions were made. There are a lot of different motives for carrying out tourist activities in the Tatra National Park. Most of the tourists specified recreation and relaxation as the main objectives of their trip. A tourists’ knowledge of the TOPR emergency rescue phone number as well as the tourists’ mountain experiences are better among those people who visit the Tatras more often and those who choose more difficult trails

Tourist traffic structure in Polish mountain national parks included in the "Man and Biosphere" program

Celem niniejszej pracy jest określenie struktury ruchu turystycznego w polskich górskich parkach narodowych należących do sieci „Człowiek i Biosfera”, do których zaliczają się : Karkonoski Park Narodowy, Tatrzański Park Narodowy, Babiogórski Park Narodowy i Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy. Analizy dokonano na podstawie badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych przede wszystkim w okresie tzw. długich weekendów, w okresie maj–czerwiec 2012 roku. Przebadano łącznie 749 ankietowanych. Według zebranych danych, zdecydowana większość turystów to osoby młode, posiadające wykształcenie wyższe. Większość wyjazdów trwała powyżej 3 dni. Ponadto większość respondentów pochodziła z województw, w których położone są parki narodowe, lub z województw sąsiadujących.The U N E S C O “Man and Biosphere” program was created mainly to protect valuable ecosystems, which are attractive places for tourists (Prato et al. 2005). There are ten biosphere reserves in Poland, including four in mountain areas of national parks : Karkonosze, Tatra, Babia Góra, and Bieszczady. The aim of this paper is to describe the general structure of tourist trends in these areas on the basis of surveys conducted mainly during so-called “long weekends ” ( M ay, June 2012 ). Respondents were asked about the length of their stay, who they were accompanied by, what types of tourist activity they were going to pursue, and the name of their hometown. According to the data collected, the majority of visitors were young people with a higher education. Most trips lasted more than three days. In addition, the majority of the respondents came from voivodeships in which national parks are located and from neighboring voivodeships

Lateral dampers for thrust bearings

The development of lateral damping schemes for thrust bearings was examined, ranking their applicability to various engine classes, selecting the best concept for each engine class and performing an in-depth evaluation. Five major engine classes were considered: large transport, military, small general aviation, turboshaft, and non-manrated. Damper concepts developed for evaluation were: curved beam, constrained and unconstrained elastomer, hybrid boost bearing, hydraulic thrust piston, conical squeeze film, and rolling element thrust face

Monitoring of tourist traffic in the Kasprowy Wierch area : methods and research problems

Celem niniejszej pracy jest zaprezentowanie i porównanie dwóch istotnych metod pomiarowych ruchu turystycznego : pomiaru bezpośredniego i przy użyciu czujnika ruchu. W tym celu w dniach 13–15 sierpnia 2013 r. dokonano jednoczesnego pomiaru ruchu przy użyciu obydwu narzędzi, w tym samym miejscu. W pracy przedstawiono istniejące techniki badań pomiarowych oraz zaprezentowano wady i zalety dwóch metod wybranych do porównania. Ukazano również porównanie wyników obydwu badań oraz prawdopodobne przyczyny błędów pomiarowych zaistniałych w trakcie realizowanych badań.Tatra National Park is one of the most often visited national parks in Poland. The Kasprowy Wierch area is one of the most popular tourist areas in the Tatras due to its cable car. Important from the point of view of managing the Tatras would be to know the size and structure of tourist traffic. The purpose of this paper is to present and compare two relevant methods of tourist traffic measurement : ( 1 ) direct observation, ( 2 ) use of an infrared counter. Both methods were used on August 13 – 15, 2013, at the same location. The paper briefly describes tourist traffic measurement techniques and their advantageand disadvantages. The author also presents a comparison of the results of both studies and probable reasons for counting errors that occurred during the ongoing research

The role of field works in the visitor monitoring studies in mountain protected areas (a case study of Skalnaté pleso)

Skalnaté pleso is the most frequently visited place in a whole Slovakian Tatra National Park. That is because of the cable cars operating in this area. Apart from that, there are also 4 tourist trails in the area of Łomnicki Staw, which enables tourist dispersion from the research site to the other neighbouring mountain areas. Since visitor monitoring brings a lot of benefits from the perspective of protected area management, monitoring studies are priority for the protected areas managers. Monitoring research methods are divided into 4 main categories : direct on-site observations, on-site automatic countings, visit registrations and inferred counts (Cessford, Muhar 2003 ). The aim of this article is to present the role of field works in the visitor monitoring studies in the mountain protected areas. For the author’s studies, it is planned to use methods from all of the basic categories, since each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Most of the methods used by the author involve field works but only their combination with methods of statistical analysis allows for getting reliable information about visitors in protected areas, together with their spatial and qualitative distribution

Weighted running: Effect on impact and oxygen consumption

The purpose of this study was to investigate if runners adjust running style based on impact magnitude instead of running economy while wearing 30% added trunk weight. Runners ran overground at a self-selected pace with and without 30% added trunk weight. Impact magnitudes and other force parameters were analyzed. Runners also ran on a treadmill with 30% added trunk weight at their preferred stride frequency (PSF) and at +/-10% PSF. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and PSF were recorded. VO2 and PSF were greater during nonweighted compared to weighted running (p \u3c 0.05). During weighted running, VO2 was greater when running at the -10% PSF than the PSF, but not different than the +10% PSF. The slightly greater stride frequency during weighted running compared to nonweighted running may be a strategy to keep F1 magnitudes constant concurrent with maintaining and economical gait pattern. It was concluded that individuals optimized on VO2 and impact concurrently