Educational software reflecting two philosophical approaches to ethics education

Ethics education can vary considerably in its instructional strategies based on differences in the theoretical positions underlying the approach to moral development being stressed. Two such approaches are the 'justice' approach as exemplified by Kohlberg's six stages of moral development, and the 'care ethic' approach as exemplified by Gilligan's work on empathy as a base for moral decision-making. Each of these approaches can be demonstrated through different instructional strategies in the ethics education course, but each strategy is often difficult to execute in practice, given time and resource constraints

Optimal pacing strategy in competitive athletic performance

Daanen, H.A.M. [Promotor]Foster, C. [Promotor]Koning, J.J. de [Copromotor

Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race: Performance, Pacing and Tactics Between 1890 and 2014

Background: Currently no studies have examined the historical performances of Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race crews in the context of performance, pacing and tactics which is surprising as the event has routinely taken place annually for over 150 years on the same course. Objectives: The purpose of this study was twofold, to firstly examine the historical development of performances and physical characteristics of crews over 124 years of the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race between 1890 and 2014 and secondly to investigate the pacing and tactics employed by crews over that period. Methods: Linear regression modelling was applied to investigate the development of performance and body size for crews of eight male individuals over time from Boat Race archive data. Performance change over time was further assessed in 10-year clusters while four intra-race checkpoints were used to examine pacing and tactics. Results: Significant correlations were observed between performance and time (1890–2014) for both Oxford (r = −0.67; p < 0.01) and Cambridge (r = −0.64; p < 0.01). There was no difference in mean performance times for Oxford (1170 ± 88 s) and Cambridge (1168 ± 89.8 s) during 1890–2014. Crew performance times improved over time with significant gains from baseline achieved in the 1950s (Cambridge) and the 1960s (Oxford), which coincided with significant change in the physicality of the competing crews (p < 0.01). There was no tactical advantage from commencing on either the Surrey or Middlesex station beyond chance alone; however, all crews (n = 228) adopted a fast-start strategy, with 81 % of victories achieved by the crew leading the race at the first intra-race checkpoint (24 % of total distance). Crews leading the race at the final checkpoint (83 % of total distance; 1143 m) achieved victory on 94 % of occasions. Conclusion: Performances and physical characteristics of the crews have changed markedly since 1890, with faster heavier crews now common. Tactically, gaining the early lead position with a fast-start strategy seems particularly meaningful to success in the Boat Race throughout the years, and has been of greater importance to race outcome than factors such as the starting station

Study of ambient impact on pig farming business at Tibirita, Cundinamarca

En esta investigación se realizó el estudio de los impactos ambientales para una granja porcícola ubicada en el municipio de Tibirita Cundinamarca, mediante una matriz de identificación de impactos y se evaluaron mediante el método EPM o método Arboleda. Los elementos ambientales con mediano impacto fueron la Contaminación del suelo por actividades derivadas de la granja, vertimiento de aguas residuales a fuentes de agua y vertimiento de aguas residuales al suelo. En cuanto a la probabilidad baja que se pueda presentar un impacto, se encontró aumento de emisión de olores ofensivos, aumento de presencia de moscas, vectores y roedores, quejas provenientes de actividades de la granja y exposición de empleados a riesgos laborales por inexistencia de bioseguridad. Se desarrollaron diferentes medidas de correcciones, mitigación, compensación con la finalidad de reducir la magnitud de los impactos, el cual se plantearon fichas de manejo para los diferentes impactos en los componentes socio ambientales, cuya responsabilidad recae sobre la administración de la granja. Es importante realizar un registro de las actividades de limpieza de la granja, de las redes de conducción de aguas residuales con el objetivo de evitar posibles focos contaminantes que afecten la población. Con la identificación de los impactos ambientales, permitirá en el futuro que las granjas porcícolas hagan un mejor uso del suelo, del agua, del aire disminuyendo el grado de contaminación y las enfermedades ocasionadas por consecuencia de la misma.In this research was carried out the study of the environmental impacts for a pig farming which is located in Tibirita town, Cundinamarca, through an impact identification matrix and evaluated by the EPM method or Arboleda method. The environmental elements with a medium impact were: Contamination of the soil by activities derived from the farm, water wasting dump to water sources and to the soil. As for the low probability that an impact could occur, there was an increase in the emission of offensive odors, an increase in the presence of flies, vectors and rodents, complaints from farm activities and exposure of employees to occupational hazards due to the lack of biosafety . For this reason, it made different corrections, mitigation and compensation measures were developed in order to reduce the magnitude of the impacts, which included management records for the different impacts on the socioenvironmental components, whose responsibility lies with the management of the farm. It is important to keep a record of the farm cleaning activities of the sewage networks with the objective of avoiding possible contaminating sources that affect the population. With the identification of environmental impacts, in the future pig farms will make better use of soil, water and air, this pig farming will reduce the degree of contamination and diseases caused by it

The Impact of Different Competitive Environments on Pacing and Performance.

Purpose: In real-life competitive situations, athletes are required to continuously make decisions about how and when to invest their available energy resources. This study attempted to identify how different competitive environments invite elite short-track speed skaters to modify their pacing behaviour during head-to-head competition. Methods: Lap times of elite 500, 1000 and 1500 m short-track speed skating competitions between 2011–2016 (n=34095 races) were collected. Log-transformed lap and finishing times were analysed with mixed linear models. The fixed effects in the model were sex, season, stage of competition, start position, competition importance, event number per tournament, number of competitors per race, altitude, and time qualification. The random effects of the model were Athlete identity and the residual (within-athlete race-to-race variation). Separate analyses were performed for each event. Results: Several competitive environments, such as the number of competitors in a race (a higher number of competitors evoked most likely a faster initial pace; CV=1.9-9.3%), the stage of competition (likely to most likely, a slower initial pace was demonstrated in finals; CV=-1.4-2.0%), the possibility of time qualification (most likely a faster initial pace; CV=2.6-5.0%) and competition importance (most likely faster races at the Olympics; CV=1.3-3.5%), altered the pacing decisions of elite skaters in 1000 and 1500 m events. Stage of competition and start position affected 500 m pacing behaviour. Conclusion: As demonstrated in this study, different competitive environments evoked modifications in pacing behavior, in particular in the initial phase of the race, emphasizing the importance of athlete-environment interactions, especially during head-to-head competitions

Het effect van polderpeilverlaging in een proefobject in de Alblasserwaard

Doel van dit proefobject bestaat uit het verkrijgen van een juist inzicht in het effect van peilverlaging op de grondwaterstand, vochthuishouding, draagkracht, grasproduktie en eventueel ongunstige nevenverschijnselen als irreversibele indroging en inklinking

Objectifying Tactics: Athlete and Race Variability in Elite Short-Track Speed Skating

Purpose: To objectively capture and understand tactical considerations in a race, the authors explored whether race-to-race variation of an athlete and the variation of competitors within a race could provide insight into how and when athletes modify their pacing decisions in response to other competitors. Methods: Lap times of elite 500-, 1000-, and 1500-m short-track speed-skating competitions from 2011 to 2016 (N = 6965 races) were collected. Log-transformed lap and finishing times were analyzed with mixed linear models. To determine within-athlete race-to-race variability, athlete identity (between-athletes differences) and the residual (within-athlete race-to-race variation) were added as random effects. To determine race variability, race identity (between-races differences) and the residual (within-race variation) were added as random effects. Separate analyses were performed for each event. Results: Within-athlete race-to-race variability of the finishing times increased with prolonged distance of the event (500-m, CV = 1.6%; 1000-m, CV = 2.8%; 1500-m, CV = 4.1%), mainly due to higher within-athlete race-to-race variability in the initial phase of 1000-m (3.3–6.9%) and 1500-m competitions (8.7–12.2%). During these early stages, within-race variability is relatively low in 1000-m (1.1–1.4%) and 1500-m (1.3–2.8%) competitions. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated how analyses of athlete and race variability could provide insight into tactical pacing decisions in sports where finishing position is emphasized over finishing time. The high variability of short-track skaters is a result of the decision to alter initial pacing behavior based on the behavior of other competitors in their race, emphasizing the importance of athlete–environment interactions in the context of pacing

Verslag van het ontwateringsproefobject in polder Assendelft

Naar aanleiding van de gunstige resultaten met diepere ontwatering op bosveengronden (Zegveld, Hoenkoop en Bleskensgraaf) en op mosveengronden (Friesland) werd de behoefte gevoeld om ook in Noord-Holland een ontwateringsproefobject aan te leggen. In verband met de door de ruilverkaveling gecreërde brede percelen op het verplaatste bedrijf van de Gebroeders Vrouwe was dit bedrijf zeer geschikt voor een vergelijking van een detailontwatering door middel van buisdrainage ten opzichte van een greppelsysteem

Pacing and Self-regulation: Important Skills for Talent Development in Endurance Sports

Pacing has been characterized as a multifaceted goal-directed process of decision making in which athletes need to decide how and when to invest their energy during the race, a process essential for optimal performance. Both physiological and psychological characteristics associated with adequate pacing and performance are known to develop with age. Consequently, the multifaceted skill of pacing might be under construction throughout adolescence, as well. Therefore, the authors propose that the complex skill of pacing is a potential important performance characteristic for talented youth athletes that needs to be developed throughout adolescence. To explore whether pacing is a marker for talent and how talented athletes develop this skill in middle-distance and endurance sports, they aim to bring together literature on pacing and literature on talent development and self-regulation of learning. Subsequently, by applying the cyclical process of self-regulation to pacing, they propose a practical model for the development of performance in endurance sports in youth athletes. Not only is self-regulation essential throughout the process of reaching the long-term goal of athletic excellence, but it also seems crucial for the development of pacing skills within a race and the development of a refined performance template based on previous experiences. Coaches and trainers are advised to incorporate pacing as a performance characteristic in their talent-development programs by stimulating their athletes to reflect, plan, monitor, and evaluate their races on a regular basis to build performance templates and, as such, improve their performance