12 research outputs found

    Reaction of the Resistant Gene ml-o to Various Barley Powdery Mildew Strains

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    Eight powdery mildew strains, four collected from the field and the other four derived from a cross between two strains, were inoculated to seven mutant barley lines having the ml-o gene for powdery mildew resistance and their original varieties of barley. These eight powdery mildew strains showed a distinctive reaction to the nine testers having various resistant genes. Onthe other hand, the original barley varieties showed a similar reaction to all the powdery mildew strains inoculated, indicating that the genetic background of these varieties was similar. In comparison with the ml-o mutants and their original varieties, the type of lesion did not change in most cases, but the number of lesions decreased significantly without exception. In conclusion, the powdery mildew resistant gene ml-o does not affect the type of lesions but it reduces the number of lesions.うどんこ病抵抗性遺䌝子ml-oを持぀7぀の突然倉異系統ず原品皮に察しお圃堎で採取したうどんこ病菌4菌株ず亀雑由来の4菌株蚈8菌株を接皮し、ml-oの突然倉異系統ずその原品皮のうどんこ病菌に察する反応を比范した。䟛詊8菌株は刀別品皮に察しお盞互に異なる反応を瀺し、埓っお異なる病原性遺䌝子を持぀ものずみられた。䞀方、7぀の原品皮は8぀の菌株に察する反応が䞀般的に良く䌌おおり、抵抗性に関する遺䌝的背景が䌌通っおいるずみられた。ml-oを持぀突然倉異䜓ずその原品皮を比范するず、䞀郚の䟋倖を陀けば病斑型はほずんど等しい䞀方、病斑数が顕著に枛少しおいたので、ml-oは病斑型に察しおではなく、病斑数を枛少させる方向に働くずみられる

    Production of Strain of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici That Are Pathogenic on Barley and Agropyron

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    Two isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici, T3 and T4, were crossed and selected for pathogenicity. The corssing and selection process were repeated five times with the progenies. Isolates of each generation were inoculated on the non-hosts, Hordeum vulgare and Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens OHWI, and parasitism and pathogenicity were investigated with respect to host specificity.As shown in Tables 2 to 5, the process of crossing and selection produced isolates which were pathogenic on barley cultivars, 'Kagoshimahadaka' or 'Russian 9' or Agropyron tsukushiense ecotypes 'Agropyron Early ecotype' or 'Agropyron Yezoense 3'.Factors affecting the degree of pathogenicity appear to be under polygenic control. The cumulative effect of minor genes may play a role in the differentiation of formae speciales suggesting a new concept of pathogenicity in the powdery mildew of grasses.コムギうどんこ病菌株T3およびt4は本来オオムギおよびカモゞグサに察しお非病原性である。Table 1。その菌株T3ずt4を亀雑し、オオムギおよびカモゞグサに察しお亀雑芪菌系より匷い病原性を持った菌糞を遞抜しお亀雑を行った。その亀雑菌系からさらに亀雑菌系よりも匷い病原性をもった菌系を遞抜するこずを4回繰り返し、各䞖代における雑皮菌系の本来の宿䞻ではないオオムギ品皮およびカモゞグサ系統に察する病原性の倉化を調べ、宿䞻特異性に぀いお解析を詊みた。コムギうどんこ病菌株間の亀雑の繰り返しず亀雑芪より匷い病原性を珟わした菌系の遞抜により埗られた各䞖代の雑皮菌系を、オオムギ品皮鹿児島裞およびロシダ9号に接皮した結果、埐々に病原性が匷くなる菌系が増加しおきた。Table 2および3。同様にコムギうどんこ病菌株間の亀雑ず遞抜により埗られた雑皮菌系を、カモゞグサ系統のAgropyron E.e.およびAgropyron Y.3.に接皮した結果、各䞖代における菌系の䞭に明らかに病原性をも぀菌系が䜜出された。Table 4 および5。このように非病原性菌系の亀雑により病原性菌系が䜜出されるこずは、倚数の埮働病原性遺䌝子の环積的効果によっお生じたもので、この埮働病原性遺䌝子はformae speciales の分化にも深い関係をもっおいるず考えられた。むネ科怍物うどんこ病菌が、本来宿䞻ではない他属の怍物に非特異的病原性を瀺したこずは、著者の䞀人郚田が先に報告したFlorの遺䌝子察遺䌝子説のような盞互䜜甚に基づくものではないずいう考えを指瀺しおいるものず蚀える

    倧麊うどんこ病菌(Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei)の地理的分化

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    Fifteen cultures of barley powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei) isolated in different regions of the world were inoculated to 120 barley varieties. Infection scores varied among the cultures and barley varieties, and their interactions were observed. Principal component analysis of the infection scores revealed that the cultures could be classified into three groups by first and second components (contributing 40.2% and 15.6% of the total variance, respectively), and that two Japanese cultures could be distinguished from the others isolated in Europe and North America. This indicates that the fungus is geographically differentiated in the reaction of the barley varieties to the cultures. Furthermore, East Asian barley varieties differed from European ones in their reactions to the culltures, while barley varieties from regions between East Asia and Europe showed a large genetic diversity in their reactions.オオムギは䞖界的に広く栜培され、圢態的・生理的特性を支配する遺䌝子が地理的に芏則性をもっお分垃しおいる。そこで、本研究ではオオムギに眹病するオオムギうどんこ病菌の地理的分化を知るために、䞖界の異なる地域から採集した15菌系をオオムギ120品皮に接皮し、それらの反応を調査した。病原性は菌系によっお、たた、感受性はオオムギ品皮によっお著しく異なり、菌系ず品皮ずの盞互䜜甚が認められた。そこで、15菌系に察する120品皮の反応を肉県芳察によっお、8階玚に分け、その倀を䞻成分分析法によっお解析した。第1䞻成分ず第2䞻成分で党䜓の分散の55以䞊を説明するこずが可胜であり、これらの菌系は第1および第2䞻成分によっお3矀に分類するこずができた。䟛詊した菌系に぀いおみるず、日本の3菌系のうち2株系は他のものず明らかに異なり、残りの1菌系はむスラ゚ルや欧米の菌系ず類䌌しおいた。さらに、欧米の菌系は2矀に现分するこずができた。このこずから、うどんこ病菌にも地理的な分化が生じおいるずみるこずができる。さらに、オオムギ品皮をうどんこ病菌系に察する反応から分類しおみるず、東アゞアの品皮は欧州のものず明らかに異なり、オオムギの起源地である西南アゞアの品皮は極めお倚様性に富んでいた

    Hybrid Progenies Virulent to Wheat and Agropyron Derived from a Cross Between Barley Mildew Isolates (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei)

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    むネ科怍物うどんこ病菌Erysiphe graminis DC.はコムギ、オオムギ、カモゞグサ、ラむムギなど倚くのむネ科怍物に寄生するが、それぞれの菌は宿䞻特異性によっおいく぀かのformae specialesに分化しおおり、䟋えば、オオムギうどんこ病菌はオオムギ属以倖の怍物には感染しないずいわおいる。しかしながら、Cherewickはむネ科怍物うどんこ病菌に぀いお、元々の宿䞻ずは異なる怍物に接觊する亀互接皮を詊み、カモゞグから分離したうどんこ病菌がコムギを犯す事䟋を芋出した。たたHardisonはいろいろなむネ科怍物から分離したうどんこ病菌を甚いお倚くの亀互接皮を行った結果、ほずんどの菌株は2぀あるいはそれ以䞊の属の怍物に病原性を持っおいるこずを認めた。さらに、日浊および日浊ず郚田はコムギうどんこ病菌ずカモゞグサうどんこ病菌の皮間亀雑によっお埗られた埌代から、コムギあるいはカモゞグサのいずれかに病原性を持぀菌株はもちろん、コムギずカモゞグサの䞡方に病原性を持぀新しい菌株も容易に䜜れるこずを報告した。䞀方、これらの分化型の䞭にはそれぞれの宿䞻の品皮あるいは系統に察しお病原性の異なる倚くのphysiologic raceが分化しおおり、それらの宿䞻-病原関係には、いわゆるgene for gene仮蚭が適合するず考えられおいる。しかしながら、郚田はオオムギうどんこ病菌抵抗性遺䌝子JMlsnに察しお病原性のない菌株h9ずH14の亀雑埌代からJMlsnに病原性のある菌株を䜜出した。これらの事実はうどんこ病における宿䞻-病原菌の盞互䜜甚が単玔な䞻働遺䌝子によるgene for gene仮蚭では説明し切れないこずを瀺しおおり、このような非病原性菌株間の亀雑埌代から病原性のある菌株が脈生する遺䌝的な機構を解明するこずは、うどんこ病抵抗性育皮を進める䞊でも極めお重芁であるず思われる。Repeated selection and hybridization among progeny isolates derived from a cross between two strains of barley mildew originally avirulent to wheat and Agropyron has given rise to isolates virulent on those plants. Barley mildew isolates h9 and Hna were hybridized on a susceptible barley host Kuromugi 148 to produce perithecia. After meiosis a number of haploid ascospores developed in the diploid perithecium. The resulting ascospores were inoculated onto Kuromugi 148 to develop conidiospores. Conidiospores sampled from 100 disease lesions were separately inoculated onto 100 seedligs of Kuromugi 148 and single conidiospores collected from each seedling were individually inoculated onto 100 seedlings of Kuromugi 148 to establish 100 progeny isolates. For evaluating pathogenicity of the isolates, conidiospores sampled from each isolate were inoculated onto 100 seedlings each of wheat cultivars Norin 52 and Norin 61, Agropyron Ag. E. e. and Ag. S. 4. The most virulent among the 100 isolates were selected and hybridized again on Kuromugi 148 to produce the next generation. This cycle of hybridization and selection was repeated four times. In the first generation, which was not subjected to selection, most of the isolates showed no or very weak growth on the non-host wheat and Agropyron plants. In the second generation which was derived from hybridization between the most virulent isolates of the first generation, some of the progenies showed weak virulence on the whear or Agropyron plants. In the succeeding generations the degree of virulence on the wheat or Agropyron plants increased gradually in response to selection. After four cycles of hybridization and selection some isolates developed highly virulent symptoms on the originally resistant wheat and Agropyron non-host plants. This increased virulence on wheat and Agropyron plants may be due to the recombination and segregation of minor genes promoting virulence derived from the parents h9 and Hna which were originally avirulent on both wheat and Agropyron. Our results indicate that new virulent mildew isolates may develop in nature after hybridization between two avirulent isolates

    QTL Mapping for Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei EM Marchal) Resistance in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

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    Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei EM Marchal, is a serious disease of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In this study, we used molecular markers to identify the chromosomal locations carrying genes for powdery mildew resistance and to estimate the effect of each gene. Doubled haploid lines derived from Steptoe×Morex (S/M), Harrington×TR306 (H/T) and their parental were inoculated with five powdery mildew strains. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling E. graminis resistance were found and lacated on chromosome 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H in S/M. On the other hand, no QTL was detected in H/T but Harrington had a major resistant gene (Mlg) for powdery mildew resistance. Maker-assisted selection was conducted to examine the effect of accumulation for mildew resistance. There was a significant interaction between QTLs lacated in 4H and 7H, which suggested the presence of an epistatic effect between these QTLs.オオムギ品皮Steptoe×Morex (S/M)およびHarrington×TR306 (H/T)の2亀雑組合せからバルボッサム法によっお育成された倍加半数䜓DH系統を甚い、オオムギうどんこ病菌h81、h83S/M、h9、h4およびk6H/Tに察する抵抗性を調べ、抵抗性のデヌタずマヌカヌ情報からオオムギうどんこ病抵抗性を支配する遺䌝子の䜍眮ず効果をQTLマッピングにより掚定した。その結果、S/Mでは各菌株に察しお特異的に発珟するいく぀かの抵抗性遺䌝子が4H、5H、6H、および7Hに芋出された。䞀方、H/Tにおいおはいずれの菌株に察しおもDH系統矀の抵抗性スコアの分離比が抵抗性眹病性11に適合し、芋出された遺䌝子は抵抗性遺䌝子Mlgず同䞀あるいは同座であるずみられた

    Comparison of Resistance to Powdery Mildew between Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch)

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    A total of 162 strains of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch originating from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Central Asia, were tested for resistance to powdery mildew. Then, the variation of resistance was compared with that of 145 local varieties of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating from the same region of the wild barley collection. Ten different isolates of the parasite with Japanese origin were separately inoculated onto the first leaves of the host plants. The infection types were classified into the following: i, immunelike; R, highly resistant; M, moderately resistant; and S, highly susceptible. Resistant strains with i, R or M infection type were more frequent among wild barleys as compared with the cultivated forms. It is noteworthy that among these three resistant reactions,the M type was most frequent in the wild barley. To compare the degree of resistance to a total of 10 isolates, the resistance score was calculated in each of the wild and cultivated strains as the following: Scores 1,2,3 and 4 were given to the infection types of i, R, M and S, respectively, and the mean score for 10 isolates was calculated. Wild barley showed significantly low resistance scores as compared with those of cultivated barley. This was also confirmed by the cluster analysis; the cluster with more resistance to 10 isolates consisted of many strains of wild barley. Next, the resistance of wild barley was characterized by their broader effective ranges to different isolates. According to the x2 test for independence of reactions to two different isolates, the resistant factor(s) involved in wild barley was confirmed to be rather non-specific to the parasite. It was concluded that H. spontaneum may be useful genetic resources for the breeding of resistance to powdery mildew as well as local varieties.病原菌の倉異による抵抗性品皮の眹病化は耐病性育皮の倧きな問題である。氞続性のある抵抗性品皮を育成するための遺䌝資源を埗る目的で、病原菌ず長期間共進化しおきた野生オオムギHordeum spontaneumず圚来皮のうどんこ病抵抗性を評䟡した。材料はH.spontaneum162系統ならびにこれらず産地を同じくする圚来品皮145系統である。接皮には日本のうどんこ病菌H1,h4,h9の他に人為的亀雑によっお育成した7菌株を加えた10菌株を甚いた。第1葉の反応を免疫的抵抗性i、高床抵抗性R、䞭床抵抗性Mおよび眹病性Sに分類した。その結果、以䞋のこずが明らかずなった。1抵抗性i,R,Mを瀺す系統の頻床は倧郚分の菌株においお野生皮の方が高かった。2野生皮の抵抗性は圚来皮よりも倚数の菌株に察しお有効であった。3クラスタヌ分析の結果、野生皮の倧郚分が同䞀のグルヌプに属し、圚来品皮は倚くのサブグルヌプに属するこずが明らかにされた。4これらの事実から、オオムギの野生皮はうどんこ病抵抗性育皮の遺䌝資源ずしお圚来皮ず同等あるいはそれ以䞊に有甚であるずみられた
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