12 research outputs found
Reaction of the Resistant Gene ml-o to Various Barley Powdery Mildew Strains
Eight powdery mildew strains, four collected from the field and the other four derived from a cross between two strains, were inoculated to seven mutant barley lines having the ml-o gene for powdery mildew resistance and their original varieties of barley. These eight powdery mildew strains showed a distinctive reaction to the nine testers having various resistant genes. Onthe other hand, the original barley varieties showed a similar reaction to all the powdery mildew strains inoculated, indicating that the genetic background of these varieties was similar. In comparison with the ml-o mutants and their original varieties, the type of lesion did not change in most cases, but the number of lesions decreased significantly without exception. In conclusion, the powdery mildew resistant gene ml-o does not affect the type of lesions but it reduces the number of lesions.ãã©ããç
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Production of Strain of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici That Are Pathogenic on Barley and Agropyron
Two isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici, T3 and T4, were crossed and selected for pathogenicity. The corssing and selection process were repeated five times with the progenies. Isolates of each generation were inoculated on the non-hosts, Hordeum vulgare and Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens OHWI, and parasitism and pathogenicity were investigated with respect to host specificity.As shown in Tables 2 to 5, the process of crossing and selection produced isolates which were pathogenic on barley cultivars, 'Kagoshimahadaka' or 'Russian 9' or Agropyron tsukushiense ecotypes 'Agropyron Early ecotype' or 'Agropyron Yezoense 3'.Factors affecting the degree of pathogenicity appear to be under polygenic control. The cumulative effect of minor genes may play a role in the differentiation of formae speciales suggesting a new concept of pathogenicity in the powdery mildew of grasses.ã³ã ã®ãã©ããç
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倧麊ãã©ããç è(Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei)ã®å°ççåå
Fifteen cultures of barley powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei) isolated in different regions of the world were inoculated to 120 barley varieties. Infection scores varied among the cultures and barley varieties, and their interactions were observed. Principal component analysis of the infection scores revealed that the cultures could be classified into three groups by first and second components (contributing 40.2% and 15.6% of the total variance, respectively), and that two Japanese cultures could be distinguished from the others isolated in Europe and North America. This indicates that the fungus is geographically differentiated in the reaction of the barley varieties to the cultures. Furthermore, East Asian barley varieties differed from European ones in their reactions to the culltures, while barley varieties from regions between East Asia and Europe showed a large genetic diversity in their reactions.ãªãªã ã®ã¯äžççã«åºãæ œå¹ããã圢æ
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Hybrid Progenies Virulent to Wheat and Agropyron Derived from a Cross Between Barley Mildew Isolates (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei)
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æµææ§è²çš®ãé²ããäžã§ã極ããŠéèŠã§ãããšæããããRepeated selection and hybridization among progeny isolates derived from a cross between two strains of barley mildew originally avirulent to wheat and Agropyron has given rise to isolates virulent on those plants. Barley mildew isolates h9 and Hna were hybridized on a susceptible barley host Kuromugi 148 to produce perithecia. After meiosis a number of haploid ascospores developed in the diploid perithecium. The resulting ascospores were inoculated onto Kuromugi 148 to develop conidiospores. Conidiospores sampled from 100 disease lesions were separately inoculated onto 100 seedligs of Kuromugi 148 and single conidiospores collected from each seedling were individually inoculated onto 100 seedlings of Kuromugi 148 to establish 100 progeny isolates. For evaluating pathogenicity of the isolates, conidiospores sampled from each isolate were inoculated onto 100 seedlings each of wheat cultivars Norin 52 and Norin 61, Agropyron Ag. E. e. and Ag. S. 4. The most virulent among the 100 isolates were selected and hybridized again on Kuromugi 148 to produce the next generation. This cycle of hybridization and selection was repeated four times. In the first generation, which was not subjected to selection, most of the isolates showed no or very weak growth on the non-host wheat and Agropyron plants. In the second generation which was derived from hybridization between the most virulent isolates of the first generation, some of the progenies showed weak virulence on the whear or Agropyron plants. In the succeeding generations the degree of virulence on the wheat or Agropyron plants increased gradually in response to selection. After four cycles of hybridization and selection some isolates developed highly virulent symptoms on the originally resistant wheat and Agropyron non-host plants. This increased virulence on wheat and Agropyron plants may be due to the recombination and segregation of minor genes promoting virulence derived from the parents h9 and Hna which were originally avirulent on both wheat and Agropyron. Our results indicate that new virulent mildew isolates may develop in nature after hybridization between two avirulent isolates
QTL Mapping for Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei EM Marchal) Resistance in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei EM Marchal, is a serious disease of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In this study, we used molecular markers to identify the chromosomal locations carrying genes for powdery mildew resistance and to estimate the effect of each gene. Doubled haploid lines derived from SteptoeÃMorex (S/M), HarringtonÃTR306 (H/T) and their parental were inoculated with five powdery mildew strains. Several quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling E. graminis resistance were found and lacated on chromosome 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H in S/M. On the other hand, no QTL was detected in H/T but Harrington had a major resistant gene (Mlg) for powdery mildew resistance. Maker-assisted selection was conducted to examine the effect of accumulation for mildew resistance. There was a significant interaction between QTLs lacated in 4H and 7H, which suggested the presence of an epistatic effect between these QTLs.ãªãªã ã®åçš®SteptoeÃMorex (S/M)ããã³HarringtonÃTR306 (H/T)ã®2亀éçµåããããã«ãããµã æ³ã«ãã£ãŠè²æãããåå åæ°äœïŒDHïŒç³»çµ±ãçšãããªãªã ã®ãã©ããç
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Comparison of Resistance to Powdery Mildew between Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch)
A total of 162 strains of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch originating from Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Central Asia, were tested for resistance to powdery mildew. Then, the variation of resistance was compared with that of 145 local varieties of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating from the same region of the wild barley collection. Ten different isolates of the parasite with Japanese origin were separately inoculated onto the first leaves of the host plants. The infection types were classified into the following: i, immunelike; R, highly resistant; M, moderately resistant; and S, highly susceptible. Resistant strains with i, R or M infection type were more frequent among wild barleys as compared with the cultivated forms. It is noteworthy that among these three resistant reactions,the M type was most frequent in the wild barley. To compare the degree of resistance to a total of 10 isolates, the resistance score was calculated in each of the wild and cultivated strains as the following: Scores 1,2,3 and 4 were given to the infection types of i, R, M and S, respectively, and the mean score for 10 isolates was calculated. Wild barley showed significantly low resistance scores as compared with those of cultivated barley. This was also confirmed by the cluster analysis; the cluster with more resistance to 10 isolates consisted of many strains of wild barley. Next, the resistance of wild barley was characterized by their broader effective ranges to different isolates. According to the x2 test for independence of reactions to two different isolates, the resistant factor(s) involved in wild barley was confirmed to be rather non-specific to the parasite. It was concluded that H. spontaneum may be useful genetic resources for the breeding of resistance to powdery mildew as well as local varieties.ç
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