What I Read on My Summer Vacation (Part II)

Moving across the country (from Irvine, California to State College, Pennsylvania) meant that most of my books—even the new ones—spent the summer packed in boxes. But alongside a rapid inhalation of all three Stieg Larsson novels, I still did a little China reading. Here, a few recommendations

In Case You Missed It: Nixon and Mao

This week marks the 36th anniversary of Richard Nixon’s visit to China, so it was serendipitous that on meandering through the public library’s history section I happened on Margaret MacMillan’s Nixon and Mao: The Week That Changed the World. Largely a play-by-play examination of the week’s events (and its larger-than-life stars in Nixon, Mao, Kissinger, and Zhou Enlai), the book is littered with fascinating anecdotes about the China Nixon and his entourage encountered: for instance, Beijingers were ordered to studiously ignore the welcoming motorcade and Chinese pilots who took over Kissinger’s plane for the Shanghai-to-Beijing leg during his 1971 prepatory visit navigated visually, stymied by the plane’s up-to-date systems. MacMillan’s intricate accounts of the meetings between Chinese and American leaders are the most engaging parts of the book, but she does an equally good job of articulating Nixon’s reasons for seeking rapprochement with China, as Warren Cohen noted in his review in Foreign Affairs. (Other substantial and insightful reviews of the book include Roderick MacFarquhar’s review in New York Review of Books, Louis Menand’s in The New Yorker, and John Lewis Gaddis’s in the New York Times) Nixon’s decision to override American concerns with China’s “internal affairs” (re: Taiwan) in order to establish diplomatic and economic relations set the stage for a continuing tug-of-war between two poles who felt (and feel) that China foreign policy should be a way to convey American standards on everything from democracy to disease control, and those who believed dialogue and economic exchange would, of themselves, bring China in line with the world community. That battle is unresolved, making the full implications of Nixon’s visit yet unclear, but the struggle continues to manifest itself in popular swings between an eagerness to engage with China and a fear of China’s growing power and, sometimes, markedly differing opinions on world events

China Travel: Finding the Real China

I recently received two new travel books (of sorts) in my mailbox, one of which I wrote a few short bits for. Beijing Time by Michael Dutton, with Hsiu-ju Stacy Lo and Dong Dong Wu, (due out in May from Harvard University Press) andUrbanatomy: Shanghai 2008, edited by Nick Land (published by China Intercontinental Press in 2007) fall at opposite ends of a rather loosely envisioned “travel book” spectrum, but both promise an on-the-ground look at “new” China. Beijing Time, by Goldsmiths, University of London Professor of Politics Michael Dutton and independent scholars Hsiu-ju Stacy Lo and Dong Dong Wu (the advance copy I read did not clarify how research and writing was split between them), is a theory-driven investigation of Beijing as both location and symbol. The authors explore Beijing through layout and buildings, investigating how Beijingers interact with their city’s built environment, and asking, ultimately, what that interaction says about the city’s (and by extension, China’s) past and future

Finding, Using & Adopting OER

Workshop presented by Kate Hess & Una Daly on searching OER repositories, evaluating resources, identifying research strategies and organizational tool to ease information overload, and outlining steps for adopting OER materials

Fully automatic algorithm for detecting and tracking anatomical shoulder landmarks on fluoroscopy images with artificial intelligence.

OBJECTIVE Patients with rotator cuff tears present often with glenohumeral joint instability. Assessing anatomic angles and shoulder kinematics from fluoroscopy requires labelling of specific landmarks in each image. This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence model for automatic landmark detection from fluoroscopic images for motion tracking of the scapula and humeral head. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluoroscopic images were acquired for both shoulders of 25 participants (N = 12 patients with unilateral rotator cuff tear, 6 men, mean (standard deviation) age: 63.7 ± 9.7 years; 13 asymptomatic subjects, 7 men, 58.2 ± 8.9 years) during a 30° arm abduction and adduction movement in the scapular plane with and without handheld weights of 2 and 4 kg. A 3D full-resolution convolutional neural network (nnU-Net) was trained to automatically locate five landmarks (glenohumeral joint centre, humeral shaft, inferior and superior edges of the glenoid and most lateral point of the acromion) and a calibration sphere. RESULTS The nnU-Net was trained with ground-truth data from 6021 fluoroscopic images of 40 shoulders and tested with 1925 fluoroscopic images of 10 shoulders. The automatic landmark detection algorithm achieved an accuracy above inter-rater variability and slightly below intra-rater variability. All landmarks and the calibration sphere were located within 1.5 mm, except the humeral landmark within 9.6 mm, but differences in abduction angles were within 1°. CONCLUSION The proposed algorithm detects the desired landmarks on fluoroscopic images with sufficient accuracy and can therefore be applied to automatically assess shoulder motion, scapular rotation or glenohumeral translation in the scapular plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT This nnU-net algorithm facilitates efficient and objective identification and tracking of anatomical landmarks on fluoroscopic images necessary for measuring clinically relevant anatomical configuration (e.g. critical shoulder angle) and enables investigation of dynamic glenohumeral joint stability in pathological shoulders. KEY POINTS • Anatomical configuration and glenohumeral joint stability are often a concern after rotator cuff tears. • Artificial intelligence applied to fluoroscopic images helps to identify and track anatomical landmarks during dynamic movements. • The developed automatic landmark detection algorithm optimised the labelling procedures and is suitable for clinical application

Deep-Learning-Based Segmentation of the Shoulder from MRI with Inference Accuracy Prediction

Three-dimensional (3D)-image-based anatomical analysis of rotator cuff tear patients has been proposed as a way to improve repair prognosis analysis to reduce the incidence of postoperative retear. However, for application in clinics, an efficient and robust method for the segmentation of anatomy from MRI is required. We present the use of a deep learning network for automatic segmentation of the humerus, scapula, and rotator cuff muscles with integrated automatic result verification. Trained on N = 111 and tested on N = 60 diagnostic T1-weighted MRI of 76 rotator cuff tear patients acquired from 19 centers, a nnU-Net segmented the anatomy with an average Dice coefficient of 0.91 ± 0.06. For the automatic identification of inaccurate segmentations during the inference procedure, the nnU-Net framework was adapted to allow for the estimation of label-specific network uncertainty directly from its subnetworks. The average Dice coefficient of segmentation results from the subnetworks identified labels requiring segmentation correction with an average sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.94. The presented automatic methods facilitate the use of 3D diagnosis in clinical routine by eliminating the need for time-consuming manual segmentation and slice-by-slice segmentation verification

Severity of rotator cuff disorders and additional load affect fluoroscopy-based shoulder kinematics during arm abduction.

BACKGROUND Rotator cuff disorders, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, may result in abnormal shoulder kinematics (scapular rotation and glenohumeral translation). This study aimed to investigate the effect of rotator cuff tears on in vivo shoulder kinematics during a 30° loaded abduction test using single-plane fluoroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 25 younger controls, 25 older controls and 25 patients with unilateral symptomatic rotator cuff tears participated in this study. Both shoulders of each participant were analysed and grouped on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging into healthy, rotator cuff tendinopathy, asymptomatic and symptomatic rotator cuff tears. All participants performed a bilateral 30° arm abduction and adduction movement in the scapular plane with handheld weights (0, 2 and 4 kg) during fluoroscopy acquisition. The range of upward-downward scapular rotation and superior-inferior glenohumeral translation were measured and analysed during abduction and adduction using a linear mixed model (loads, shoulder types) with random effects (shoulder ID). RESULTS Scapular rotation was greater in shoulders with rotator cuff tendinopathy and asymptomatic rotator cuff tears than in healthy shoulders. Additional load increased upward during abduction and downward during adduction scapular rotation (P < 0.001 in all groups but rotator cuff tendinopathy). In healthy shoulders, upward scapular rotation during 30° abduction increased from 2.3° with 0-kg load to 4.1° with 4-kg load and on shoulders with symptomatic rotator cuff tears from 3.6° with 0-kg load to 6.5° with 4-kg load. Glenohumeral translation was influenced by the handheld weights only in shoulders with rotator cuff tendinopathy (P ≤ 0.020). Overall, superior glenohumeral translation during 30° abduction was approximately 1.0 mm with all loads. CONCLUSIONS The results of glenohumeral translation comparable to control but greater scapular rotations during 30° abduction in the scapular plane in rotator cuff tears indicate that the scapula compensates for rotator cuff deficiency by rotating. Further analysis of load-dependent joint stability is needed to better understand glenohumeral and scapula motion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. TRIAL REGISTRATION Ethical approval was obtained from the regional ethics committee (Ethics Committee Northwest Switzerland EKNZ 2021-00182), and the study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov on 29 March 2021 (trial registration number NCT04819724, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04819724 )

Observation of a prethermal discrete time crystal

The conventional framework for defining and understanding phases of matter requires thermodynamic equilibrium. Extensions to non-equilibrium systems have led to surprising insights into the nature of many-body thermalization and the discovery of novel phases of matter, often catalyzed by driving the system periodically. The inherent heating from such Floquet drives can be tempered by including strong disorder in the system, but this can also mask the generality of non-equilibrium phases. In this work, we utilize a trapped-ion quantum simulator to observe signatures of a non-equilibrium driven phase without disorder: the prethermal discrete time crystal (PDTC). Here, many-body heating is suppressed not by disorder-induced many-body localization, but instead via high-frequency driving, leading to an expansive time window where non-equilibrium phases can emerge. We observe a number of key features that distinguish the PDTC from its many-body-localized disordered counterpart, such as the drive-frequency control of its lifetime and the dependence of time-crystalline order on the energy density of the initial state. Floquet prethermalization is thus presented as a general strategy for creating, stabilizing and studying intrinsically out-of-equilibrium phases of matter.Comment: 9 + 10 pages, 3 + 6 figure

The Grizzly, February 9, 1999

Asper Notches 100th Win • Grand Opening for New Bookstore • Faculty Vote to Require Independent Learning Experience • Middle States Grades Ursinus • Spanish Department: Smaller Staff + Higher Enrollment = Big Headaches • Community Service Making a Difference at Ursinus • Opinion: Overcoming Immaturity the Key to Ending Permit Theft; Reader Response; U.S. Sells Out Integrity for Intelligence in Iraq; Free Will an Important Responsibility; Why Gephardt Will Settle for Speaker • The Classical Critic: Bravo Pindell! • Swimming Falls to Swarthmore • Gymnastics Edged by Courtland • Women\u27s Basketball Still in Playoff Hunt • Men\u27s Basketball First in Conference • Ursinus Wrestling Takes Muhlenberg and Gettysburg to the Mathttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1433/thumbnail.jp