Análisis, cálculo y diseño de la instalación para el suministro de energía eléctrica a una empresa fabricante de latas de bebida.

El presente trabajo fin de grado tiene como objeto el análisis, cálculo y diseño de una instalación eléctrica de baja tensión, para una empresa fabricante de latas de aluminio para bebidas. Así mismo, se justificarán los cálculos realizados para el dimensionado de la aparamenta necesaria en la instalación eléctrica de dicha fábrica. El emplazamiento consiste en una nave industrial de 60m x 120m (7200 m2) con puertas de acceso situadas a lo largo del perímetro del edificio. Además dispone de un edificio anexo a una de las fachadas donde se encuentra el centro de transformación y los servicios generales. La alimentación se realizará a 400 V, siendo la previsión de carga de más de 1100 kW. El presente proyecto está estructurado en varios capítulos que nos permiten realizar una descripción completa de la instalación eléctrica.Departamento de Ingeniería EléctricaGrado en Ingeniería Eléctric

Chronopotentiometric study of ceramic cation-exchange membranes based on zirconium phosphate in contact with nickel sulfate solutions

In this article, the innovative cation-exchange membranes obtained from ceramic materials are presented. Different microporous ceramic supports were obtained from an initial mixture of alumina and kaolin, to which a varying content of starch was added in order to obtain supports with different pore size distributions. The deposition of zirconium phosphate into the porous supports generates membranes with cation-exchange properties. The fabrication of ion-exchange membranes which could resist aggressive electrolytes such as strong oxidizing spent chromium plating baths or radioactive solutions would allow the application of electrodialysis for the decontamination and regeneration of these industrial effluents. The performance of the manufactured membranes was studied in nickel sulfate solutions by means of chronopotentiometry. An increase of the membrane voltage drop during chronopotentiometric measurements was observed in some membranes, which seems to be a consequence of concentration polarization phenomena resulting from the ionic transfer occurred through the membranes. Current voltage curves were obtained for the different ceramic membranes, allowing the calculation of their ohmic resistance. The ohmic resistance of the membranes increased when the open porosity (OP) of the samples was incremented up to a value of 50%. For values of OP higher than 50%, the resistance of the membranes decreased significantly with porosity.Martí Calatayud, MC.; García Gabaldón, M.; Pérez-Herranz, V.; Sales, S.; Mestre, S. (2013). Chronopotentiometric study of ceramic cation-exchange membranes based on zirconium phosphate in contact with nickel sulfate solutions. Desalination and Water Treatment. 51(1-3):597-605. doi:10.1080/19443994.2012.714629597605511-3L. Harttinger, Handbook of Effluent Treatment and Recycling for The Metal Finishing Industry, Finishing Publications Ltd.; ASM International, Stevenage 1994.Balagopal, S., Landro, T., Zecevic, S., Sutija, D., Elangovan, S., & Khandkar, A. (1999). Selective sodium removal from aqueous waste streams with NaSicon ceramics. Separation and Purification Technology, 15(3), 231-237. doi:10.1016/s1383-5866(98)00104-xHobbs, D. . (1999). Caustic recovery from alkaline nuclear waste by an electrochemical separation process. Separation and Purification Technology, 15(3), 239-253. doi:10.1016/s1383-5866(98)00105-1Dzyazko, Y. S., Mahmoud, A., Lapicque, F., & Belyakov, V. N. (2006). Cr(VI) transport through ceramic ion-exchange membranes for treatment of industrial wastewaters. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 37(2), 209-217. doi:10.1007/s10800-006-9243-7García-Gabaldón, M., Pérez-Herranz, V., Sánchez, E., & Mestre, S. (2006). Effect of porosity on the effective electrical conductivity of different ceramic membranes used as separators in eletrochemical reactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 280(1-2), 536-544. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2006.02.007Linkov, V. ., & Belyakov, V. . (2001). Novel ceramic membranes for electrodialysis. Separation and Purification Technology, 25(1-3), 57-63. doi:10.1016/s1383-5866(01)00090-9Tripathi, B. P., & Shahi, V. K. (2007). SPEEK–zirconium hydrogen phosphate composite membranes with low methanol permeability prepared by electro-migration and in situ precipitation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 316(2), 612-621. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.08.038Clearfield, A., & Smith, G. D. (1969). Crystallography and structure of .alpha.-zirconium bis(monohydrogen orthophosphate) monohydrate. Inorganic Chemistry, 8(3), 431-436. doi:10.1021/ic50073a005Alberti, G., Bernasconi, M. G., Casciola, M., & Costantino, U. (1978). Ion exchange of some divalent and trivalent cations on the surface of zirconium acid phosphate micro-crystals. Journal of Chromatography A, 160(1), 109-115. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91786-2Yaroslavtsev, A. B. (2003). Ion DiffusionThrow Interface in Heterogeneous Solid Systems with the Modified Surface. Defect and Diffusion Forum, 216-217, 133-140. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.216-217.133Yaroslavtsev, A. B. (2009). Composite materials with ionic conductivity: from inorganic composites to hybrid membranes. Russian Chemical Reviews, 78(11), 1013-1029. doi:10.1070/rc2009v078n11abeh004066Yaroslavtsev, A. B., Nikonenko, V. V., & Zabolotsky, V. I. (2003). Ion transfer in ion-exchange and membrane materials. Russian Chemical Reviews, 72(5), 393-421. doi:10.1070/rc2003v072n05abeh000797Davis, M. E. (2002). Ordered porous materials for emerging applications. Nature, 417(6891), 813-821. doi:10.1038/nature00785Taky, M., Pourcelly, G., Lebon, F., & Gavach, C. (1992). Polarization phenomena at the interfaces between an electrolyte solution and an ion exchange membrane. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 336(1-2), 171-194. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(92)80270-eSistat, P., & Pourcelly, G. (1997). Chronopotentiometric response of an ion-exchange membrane in the underlimiting current-range. Transport phenomena within the diffusion layers. Journal of Membrane Science, 123(1), 121-131. doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(96)00210-4Pismenskaia, N., Sistat, P., Huguet, P., Nikonenko, V., & Pourcelly, G. (2004). Chronopotentiometry applied to the study of ion transfer through anion exchange membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 228(1), 65-76. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.012Martí-Calatayud, M. C., García-Gabaldón, M., Pérez-Herranz, V., & Ortega, E. (2011). Determination of transport properties of Ni(II) through a Nafion cation-exchange membrane in chromic acid solutions. Journal of Membrane Science, 379(1-2), 449-458. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2011.06.014García-Gabaldón, M., Pérez-Herranz, V., & Ortega, E. (2011). Evaluation of two ion-exchange membranes for the transport of tin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Journal of Membrane Science, 371(1-2), 65-74. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.015GARCIAGABALDON, M., PEREZHERRANZ, V., SANCHEZ, E., & MESTRE, S. (2008). Effect of tin concentration on the electrical properties of ceramic membranes used as separators in electrochemical reactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 323(1), 213-220. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2008.06.03

Novel Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic anode coated with a photoactive BiPO4 layer for the photoelectrochemical degradation of an emerging pollutant

In the present work, a study about the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical degradation of an emerging pollutant using an Sb-doped SnO2 anode coated with a photocatalytic layer of BiPO4 has been performed. The electrochemical characterization of the material was carried out by means of linear sweep voltammetry, light-pulsed chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These studies confirmed that the material is photoactive at intermediate potential values (around 2.5 V), and that the charge transfer resistance decreases in the presence of light. A positive effect of the illuminated area on the degradation degree of norfloxacin was observed: at 15.50 mA cm−2, the degradation rate was 83.37% in the absence of light, 92.24% with an illuminated area of 5.7 cm2, and it increased up to 98.82% with an illuminated area of 11.4 cm2. The kinetics of the process were evaluated, and the by-products of the degradation were identified by ion chromatography and HPLC. In the case of the mineralization degree, the effect of light is less significant, especially at higher current densities. The specific energy consumption of the process was lower in the photoelectrochemical experiments as compared to the experiments in dark conditions. At intermediate current densities (15.50 mA cm−2) a decrease in energy consumption of 53% was achieved by illuminating the electrode

Comparison of two different ceramic electrodes based on Sb-SnO2 coated with BiFeO3 and Bi2WO6 for the photoelectrooxidation of an emerging pollutant

In this work, a comparison between novel photoanodes based on Sb-SnO2 (BCE) coated with BiFeO3 (BFO-BCE) and Bi2WO6 (BWO-BCE) was carried out. An improvement in the catalytic activity of the electrodes under light exposure was demonstrated by means of Linear Sweep Voltammetry, light pulsed chronoamperometry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, being more notorious at current densities below 25 mA·cm−2 for the BFO-BCE and above 25 mA·cm−2 for the BWO-BCE. This improved performance was caused by an increase of the photogenerated oxidizing species. As compared with the uncoated BCE anode used without light, photoelectrooxidation tests led to improvements of around 40% in the degradation degree of norfloxacin (NOR) using both photoanodes at 8.33 mA·cm−2. This improvement was also observed in the mineralization degree of the model wastewaters, with an increase of 36% and 28% at 25 mA·cm−2 for the BWO-BCE and BFO-BCE, respectively. The degradation and formation of subproducts was followed by ion chromatography and HPLC analysis, where some of the main intermediates were detected, allowing us to elaborate a degradation route for NOR with these novel electrodes. The Mineralization Current Efficiency (MCE), energy consumption and extent of electrochemical combustion (Φ) showed improvements with light application for both electrodes at high current densities, being the BWO-BCE the one with the highest MCE and Φ at the cost of a slightly higher energy consumption. This showed the importance of light for these electrodes and its impact in the general process performance, which can be of great advantage in future applications

Norfloxacin mineralization under light exposure using Sb-SnO2 ceramic anodes coated with BiFeO3 photocatalyst

Advanced Oxidation Processes have been proven to be an efficient way to remove organic pollutants from wastewaters. In this work, a ceramic electrode of Sb–SnO2 (BCE) with a layer of the photocatalytic material BiFeO3 (BFO-BCE), has been characterized electrochemically and further tested for norfloxacin photo-electrooxidation in the presence and absence of light. The electrode photoactivity was highly enhanced thanks to the presence of BiFeO3, as confirmed by Linear Sweep Voltammetry, chronoamperometry and potentiometry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Additionally, working in galvanostatic mode, a high mineralization of norfloxacin was achieved after 240 min, reaching 62% at 25 mA cm−2 under light conditions. This value is comparatively higher than the 40% achieved with the BCE. The oxidation byproducts were followed by ionic chromatography and HPLC analysis, which also allowed us to propose an oxidation pathway of the norfloxacin molecule. Finally, some indicators of the reactor performance such as the Mineralization Current Efficiency and the specific energy consumption were analyzed, revealing that lower current densities (8.3 mA cm−2) led to higher current efficiencies, and that light improved both the current efficiency and energy consumption

Enhanced Atenolol oxidation by ferrites photoanodes grown on ceramic SnO2-Sb2O3 anodes

The increase in the consumption of pharmaceutical compounds has caused the increment of their presence in different body waters. β-blockers are one of the most dangerous even at low concentrations (ng L−1). Anodic oxidation with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode presents good results to remove these compounds. However, since this anode is expensive, some cheaper materials are under study. In this work, Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic anodes (BCE) coated with Zn or Cd ferrites, in order to provide photocatalytic properties, have been applied to the degradation of the Atenolol (ATL) β-blocker. Increasing the applied current increased ATL degradation and mineralization but caused a decrease in mineralization current efficiency (MCE) and an increase in energy consumption (ETOC). Additionally, light irradiation enhanced the ATL mineralization rate between 10% and 20% for both ferrites, although this increase was higher for the cadmium ferrite one. Finally, when the ferrites were compared with BDD and BCE anodes, the oxidizing power of the different anodic materials can be ordered as follows BDD> Cd-Fe> Zn-Fe> BCE. Therefore, both ferrites improved the BCE performance but only the cadmium one appeared as an alternative to the BDD, especially for MCE and ETOC, reaching values of 15% and 0.5 kWh gTOC−1, respectively

Electrochemical Degradation of Reactive Black 5 using two-different reactor configuration

[EN] Novel Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic electrodes sintered at different temperatures, are applied to the degradation of Reactive Black 5 in both divided and undivided electrochemical reactors. In the undivided reactor the discoloration of the solution took place via the oxidation of RB5 dye, without the corresponding reduction in the chemical oxygen demand for the ceramic electrodes. However, in the divided one, it was possible to achieve the discoloration of the solution while at the same time decreasing the chemical oxygen demand through the ·OH-mediated oxidation, although the chemical oxygen demand degradation took place at a slower rate.The authors thank the financial support from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain) under projects CTQ2015-65202-C2-1-R and RTI2018-101341-B-C21, co-financed with FEDER funds.Droguett, T.; Mora-Gómez, J.; García Gabaldón, M.; Ortega Navarro, EM.; Mestre, S.; Cifuentes, G.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2020). 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Photocatalytic degradation of azo-dyes reactive black 5 and reactive yellow 145 in water over a newly deposited titanium dioxide. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 57, 55–62 (2005).Sahel, K. et al. Photocatalytic decolorization of Remazol Black 5 (RB5) and Procion Red MX-5B-Isotherm of adsorption, kinetic of decolorization and mineralization. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 77, 100–109 (2007).Işik, M. & Sponza, D. T. A batch kinetic study on decolorization and inhibition of Reactive Black 5 and Direct Brown 2 in an anaerobic mixed culture. Chemosphere 55, 119–128 (2004).El Bouraie, M. & El Din, W. S. Biodegradation of Reactive Black 5 by Aeromonas hydrophila strain isolated from dye-contaminated textile wastewater. Sustain. Environ. Res. 26, 209–216 (2016).Meriç, S., Kaptan, D. & Ölmez, T. Color and COD removal from wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 using Fenton’s oxidation process. Chemosphere 54, 435–441 (2004).Dojčinović, B. P. et al. Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge in the presence of inorganic salts. J. Serbian Chem. Soc. 77, 535–548 (2012).Cerón-Rivera, M., Dávila-Jiménez, M. M. & Elizalde-González, M. P. Degradation of the textile dyes Basic yellow 28 and Reactive black 5 using diamond and metal alloys electrodes. Chemosphere 55, 1–10 (2004).Yavuz, Y. & Shahbazi, R. Anodic oxidation of Reactive Black 5 dye using boron doped diamond anodes in a bipolar trickle tower reactor. Sep. Purif. Technol. 85, 130–136 (2012).Vasconcelos, V. M., Ponce-De-León, C., Nava, J. L. & Lanza, M. R. V. Electrochemical degradation of RB-5 dye by anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton and by combining anodic oxidation-electro-Fenton in a filter-press flow cell. J. Electroanal. Chem. 765, 179–187 (2016).Lucas, M. S. & Peres, J. A. Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation. Dye. Pigment. 71, 236–244 (2006).Song, S., He, Z., Qiu, J., Xu, L. & Chen, J. 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Evaluation of new ceramic electrodes based on Sb-doped SnO2 for the removal of emerging compounds present in wastewater

[EN] The properties of the ceramic electrodes make them interesting for electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs), destined to the elimination of emergent or refractory contaminants, as an alternative to boron doped-diamond (BDD) electrodes. For this purpose, new ceramic electrodes based on Sb-doped SnO2 have been developed. Sb-doped tin oxide electrodes have been obtained through mechanical mixing of raw materials and sintering of dry-pressed specimens. Different sintering temperatures (1050 degrees C to 1250 degrees C) were considered. The electrochemical behavior of the resulting electrodes has been compared to that exhibited by Pt and BDDs electrodes. The oxygen discharge potential (E-02) for the ceramic electrodes decreases as the sintering temperature increases, being these values higher than that observed for the Pt electrode and smaller than that for the BDD electrode. This result in a highest rate of COD removal for the electrode sintered at 1050 degrees C comparing with the rest of ceramic electrodes under potentiostatic operation. On the other hand, in galvanostatic mode, the performance of the different ceramic electrodes in terms of the degradation of Norfloxacin, used as tested antibiotic, was similar. Comparing the behavior of the ceramic electrode sintered at 1250 degrees C and that of the BDD electrode at an applied potential of 3 V, it is inferred that although both present similar values in terms of the degradation of Norfloxacin, the rate of removal of the chemical oxygen demand is higher in the case of the BDD.The authors thanks to Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (projects number: CTQ2015-65202-C2-1-R and CTQ2015-65202-C2-2R) and to Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) the support to this research.Mora-Gómez, J.; García Gabaldón, M.; Ortega Navarro, EM.; Sánchez-Rivera, M.; Mestre, S.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2018). Evaluation of new ceramic electrodes based on Sb-doped SnO2 for the removal of emerging compounds present in wastewater. Ceramics International. 44(2):2216-2222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.178S2216222244

Improvement of the Electrochemical Behavior of (Sb, Sn, Cu)O Ceramic Electrodes as Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Anodes

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Giner-Sanz, J. J., Sanchez-Rivera, M. J., Garcia-Gabaldon, M., Ortega, E. M., Mestre, S., & Perez-Herranz, V. (2019). Improvement of the Electrochemical Behavior of (Sb, Sn, Cu)O Ceramic Electrodes as Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Anodes. ChemElectroChem, 6(9), 2430-2437. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801766, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801766. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] This work explores the possibility of increasing the active surface of a Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic electrode using CuO as sintering aid, by incorporating petroleum coke as a pore generator. In order to fulfil this goal, three series of (Sb, Sn, Cu)O electrodes with different coke contents were synthetized. The properties of the electrodes, and their microstructure, change significantly as a function of the coke content before sintering. The electrochemical characterization of the synthesized electrodes showed that the coke addition before sintering causes two antagonist effects on the performance of the (Sn, Sb, Cu)O as anodes in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP). On one hand, it significantly improves the electrochemical roughness factor of the electrode, solving the densification problem in this way. On the other hand, it worsens the electrochemical behavior of the electrode: narrowing its electrochemical window; and ¿activating¿ it slightly. The addition of coke before sintering changes the kinetic parameters, leading to a kinetic situation in which the accumulation of hydroxyl radicals is slightly lower. A balance must be sought: an intermediate coke content will improve significantly the electrochemical roughness factor of the electrode, but will only worsen slightly its electrochemical behavior, leading to an optimum (Sn, Sb, Cu)O EAOP anode.The authors are very grateful to the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Projects: CTQ2015-65202-C2-1-R and CTQ2015- 65202-C2-2-R) and to the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), for their economic support.Giner-Sanz, JJ.; Sánchez-Rivera, MJ.; García Gabaldón, M.; Ortega Navarro, EM.; Mestre, S.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2019). Improvement of the Electrochemical Behavior of (Sb, Sn, Cu)O Ceramic Electrodes as Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Anodes. ChemElectroChem. 6(9):2430-2437. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801766S2430243769Schwarzenbach, R. P., Egli, T., Hofstetter, T. B., von Gunten, U., & Wehrli, B. (2010). Global Water Pollution and Human Health. 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Study of the chlorfenvinphos pesticide removal under different anodic materials and different reactor configuration

The present manuscript focuses on the study of the electrochemical oxidation of the insecticide Chlorfenvinphos (CVP). The assays were carried out under galvanostatic conditions using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and low-cost tin dioxide doped with antimony (Sb-doped SnO2) as anodes. The influence of the operating variables, such as applied current density, presence or absence of a cation-exchange membrane and concentration of supporting electrolyte, was discussed. The results revealed that the higher applied current density the higher degradation and mineralization of the insecticide for both anodes. The presence of the membrane and the highest concentration of Na2SO4 studied (0.1 M) as a supporting electrolyte benefited the oxidation process of CVP using the BDD electrode, while with the ceramic anode the elimination of CVP was lower under these experimental conditions. Although the BDD electrode showed the best performance, ceramic anodes appear as an interesting alternative as they were able to degrade CVP completely for the highest applied current density values. Toxicity tests revealed that the initial solution of CVP was more toxic than the samples treated with the ceramic electrode, while using the BDD electrode the toxicity of the sample increased