217 research outputs found
Bedeutung der funktionellen Einheit für die Ökobilanzierung in der Landwirtschaft
Life cycle assessment (LCA) gains increasingly in technical and legal importance. Research groups getting involved with this topic have to adhere to the technical standard. The definition of appropriate reference values, indicated as functional units, is of special importance in this concern. LCA is often derived from the industrial sector, where it is one-dimensionally treated via output of companies. In the agricultural sector at least the problem of land use management has additionally to be considered. This paper shows the development of a convenient solution for this purpose in agricultural consultancy
土地家屋調査士のための法律学(1) : 土地家屋調査士の業務
1連載開始に際して 2「弁護士」型業務の獲得 3認定土地家屋調査士 4調査士志望者の減
Large-scale distribution of microbial and viral populations in the South Atlantic Ocean
Viruses are abundant, diverse and dynamic compo-nents of the marine environments and play a signi?-cant role in the ocean biogeochemical cycles. Toassess potential variations in the relation betweenviruses and microbes in different geographic regionsand depths, viral and microbial abundance and pro-duction were determined throughout the watercolumn along a latitudinal transect in the South Atlan-tic Ocean. Path analysis was used to examine therelationships between several abiotic and bioticparameters and the different microbial and viral popu-lations distinguished by ?ow cytometry.The depth-integrated contribution of microbial andviral abundance to the total microbial and viralbiomass differed signi?cantly among the differentprovinces. Additionally, the virus-to-microbe ratioincreased with depth and decreased laterally towardsthe more productive regions. Our data revealed thatthe abundance of phytoplankton and microbes is themain controlling factor of the viral populations in theeuphotic and mesopelagic layers, whereas in thebathypelagic realm, viral abundance was only weaklyrelated to the biotic and abiotic variables. The relativecontribution of the three viral populations distin-guished by ?ow cytometry showed a clear geographi-cal pattern throughout the water column, suggestingthat these populations are composed of distinct tax
Fracture zones in the Mid Atlantic Ridge lead to alterations in prokaryotic and viral parameters in deep-water masses
We hypothesized that mixing zones of deep-water masses act as ecotones leading to alterations in microbial diversity and activity due to changes in the biogeochemical characteristics of these boundary systems. We determined the changes in prokaryotic and viral abundance and production in the Vema Fracture Zone (VFZ) of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, where North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are funneled through this narrow canyon and therefore, are subjected to intense vertical mixing. Consequently, salinity, potential temperature, oxygen, PO4, SiO4, NO3 were altered in the NADW inside the VFZ as compared to the NADW outside of the VFZ. Also, viral abundance, lytic viral production (VP) and the virus-to-prokaryote ratio (VPR) were elevated in the NADW in the VFZ as compared to the NADW outside the VFZ. In contrast to lytic VP, lysogenic VP and both the frequency of lytically (FIC) and lysogenically infected cells (FLC) did not significantly differ between in- and outside the VFZ. Generally, FIC was higher than FLC throughout the water column. Prokaryotic (determined by T-RFLP) and viral (determined by RAPD-PCR) community composition was depth-stratified inside and outside the VFZ. The viral community was more modified both with depth and over distance inside the VFZ as compared to the northern section and to the prokaryotic communities. However, no clusters of prokaryotic and viral communities characteristic for the VFZ were identified. Based on our observations, we conclude that turbulent mixing of the deep water masses impacts not only the physico-chemical parameters of the mixing zone but also the interaction between viruses and prokaryotes due to a stimulation of the overall activity. However, only minor effects of deep water mixing were observed on the community composition of the dominant prokaryotes and viruses
Direct neutron capture cross sections of 62Ni in the s-process energy range
Direct neutron capture on 62Ni is calculated in the DWBA and the cross
sections in the energy range relevant for s-process nucleosynthesis are given.
It is confirmed that the thermal value of the capture cross section contains a
subthreshold resonance contribution. Contrary to previous investigations it is
found that the capture at higher energies is dominated by p-waves, thus leading
to a considerably increased cross section at s-process energies and a modified
energy dependence.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, corrected typos in Eq. 6 and subsequent paragrap
Lower prokaryotic leucine incorporation rates under in situ pressure than under decompressed conditions in the deep north Atlantic
Comunicación oralProkaryotic activity and community composition is highly depth-stratified in the oceanic water column reflecting the increasing recalcitrance of dissolved organic matter and decreasing temperature with depth. The role of increasing hydrostatic pressure in controlling deep ocean microbial activity is less well-studied. To determine the influence in hydrostatic pressure on heterotrophic microbial activity, an in situ incubator was deployed in the North Atlantic Ocean at a depth between 500 to 2000 m. The in situ incubator was programmed to collect and incubate prokaryotes under the water after adding 3H-leucine and to fix a certain volume of the incubated samples at specific time intervals (3 to 10 h depending on the depth). Prokaryotic leucine incorporation obtained under in situ pressure conditions was generally lower than that on decompressed samples incubated on board. Ratios of in situ prokaryotic leucine incorporation to decompressed conditions decreased with increasing depth. Our results suggest that bulk heterotrophic prokaryotic production in the deep sea might be lower than expected
Reviews and syntheses: Heterotrophic fixation of inorganic carbon – significant but invisible flux in environmental carbon cycling
Heterotrophic CO2 fixation is a significant yet underappreciated
CO2 flux in environmental carbon cycling. In contrast to photosynthesis
and chemolithoautotrophy – the main recognized autotrophic CO2
fixation pathways – the importance of heterotrophic CO2 fixation
remains enigmatic. All heterotrophs – from microorganisms to humans – take
up CO2 and incorporate it into their biomass. Depending on the
availability and quality of growth substrates, and drivers such as the
CO2 partial pressure, heterotrophic CO2 fixation contributes at
least 1 %–5 % and in the case of methanotrophs up to 50 % of the carbon
biomass. Assuming a standing stock of global heterotrophic biomass of 47–85 Pg C, we roughly estimate that up to 5 Pg C might be derived from
heterotrophic CO2 fixation, and up to 12 Pg C yr−1 originating from
heterotrophic CO2 fixation is funneled into the global annual
heterotrophic production of 34–245 Pg C yr−1. These first estimates on
the importance of heterotrophic fixation of inorganic carbon indicate that
this pathway should be incorporated in present and future carbon cycling
budgets.</p
Reaction rates for Neutron Capture Reactions to C-, N- and O-isotopes to the neutron rich side of stability
The reaction rates of neutron capture reactions on light nuclei are important
for reliably simulating nucleosynthesis in a variety of stellar scenarios.
Neutron capture reaction rates on neutron-rich C-, N-, and O-isotopes are
calculated in the framework of a hybrid compound and direct capture model. The
results are tabulated and compared with the results of previous calculations as
well as with experimental results.Comment: 33 pages (uses revtex) and 9 postscript figures, accepted for
publication in Phys. Rev.
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