Migración internacional, territorios y sujetos migrantes del Estado de México (pdf)

Compilación sobre migración mexiquense a los Estado Unidos, origen rural y urbano, genero, complejidad del proceso y condiciones laborales.La migración internacional se ha incrementado en términos absolutos, esto quizá no resulta sorprendente, sin embargo, llama la atención que las migraciones modernas aumentaran en climas sociales tan hostiles. Hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial las inmigraciones masivas ocurrieron “sin restricciones” (visas, cuotas o barreras de seguridad); después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial esto cambió y, donde antes predominaban las acciones de reclutamiento y bienvenida a los recién llegados, ahora reinan el control y la restricción. En la actualidad, los países receptores mantienen posturas restrictivas y selectivas de la fuerza de trabajo que conviene “dejar” entrar a su territorio. Hay una generalización de políticas de control de flujos, restricciones sistemáticas a entradas y permanencias, de hecho para muchos gobiernos, este control se erige como preocupación preeminente.UAE

Ciencias de la Biología y Agronomía

Este volumen I contiene 17 capítulos arbitrados que se ocupan de estos asuntos en Tópicos Selectos de Ciencias de la Biología y Agronomía, elegidos de entre las contribuciones, reunimos algunos investigadores y estudiantes. Se presenta un Estudio Comparativo de los Recursos Hidrológico-Forestales de la Microcuenca de la Laguna de Epatlan, Pue. (1993 a 2014); la Situación Actual de la Mancha de Asfalto en Maíz (Zea mays L.) en los Municipios de Jiquipilas y Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, México; las poblaciones sobresalientes de maíz de la raza Zapalote Chico, en la Región Istmeña de Oaxaca; Se indica el índice de área foliar de cultivo de Chile Poblano mediante dos métodos en condiciones protegidas; Esquivel, Urzúa y Ramírez exploran el efecto de la biofertilización con Azospirillum en el crecimiento y producción de Jitomate; esbozan su artículo sobre la determinación del nivel de Heterosis en híbridos de Maíz para la Comarca Lagunera; una investigación sobre la estabilización de semilla de Solanum lycopersicum durante el almacenamiento y estimulación de la germinación; acotan sobre el CTAB como una nueva opción para la detección de Huanglongbing en cítricos, plantean su evaluación sobre el aluminio y cómo afecta la vida de florero de Heliconia psittacorum; indican sobre el impacto del H-564C, como un híbrido de maíz con alta calidad de proteina para el trópico húmedo de México; presetan su investigación sobre la producción de Piña Cayena Lisa y MD2 (Ananas comosus L.) en condiciones de Loma Bonita, en Oaxaca; acotan sobre el efecto de coberteras como control biológico por conservación contra áfidos en Nogal Pecanero; esbozan sobre la caracterización de cuatro genotipos de Frijol Negro en Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, México; presentan una caracterización hidroecológica de la microcuenca de Arroyo Prieto, Yuriría, Gto., y alternativas para su restauración ambiental; presentan su investigación sobre el efecto del hongo Beauveria bassiana sobre solubilización de fosfatos y la disponibilidad de fósforo en el suelo; plantean su investigación sobre la Germinación y regeneración in vitro de Epidendrum falcatum LINDL; esbozan su artículo sobre genotipos de frijol negro y su tolerancia a sequía terminal en Veracruz, México

Hitos Demográficos del Siglo XXI: Migración Internacional

La migración ha sido una constante en la historia mundial. Sin embargo, las migraciones que han tenido lugar desde principios del siglo XXI no tienen precedentes, ya que recientemente éstas han alcanzado su mayor volumen en la historia y presentan características que las diferencian de las observadas en periodos anteriores, lo que ha propiciado una nueva conceptualización del fenómeno, enmarcada en lo que algunos estudiosos llaman “la nueva era” de las migraciones internacionales (Arango, 2003, mencionado por Fernández, 2005). Este nuevo ciclo se caracteriza por una profusa re-configuración del mapa migratorio mundial, el cual parece dar cuenta hoy, de una auténtica mundialización migratoria, con una fuerte tendencia a la diversificación de rutas y conexiones origen-destino. El nuevo mapa es el correlato de un escenario de globalización económica, cultural e informacional, que estimula que segmentos amplios de la población respondan cada vez más rápidamente a informaciones y oportunidades que se originan más allá de las fronteras nacionales (CONAPO, 2009). De esta forma la nueva era de la globalización, se ha convertido en un asunto de especial trascendencia. Por un lado, la mejora y expansión de los sistemas de comunicación y transporte y la significativa reducción del tiempo y coste de desplazamiento, así como las disparidades económicas y la existencia de situaciones sociales y políticas extremas han propiciado el crecimiento de los movimientos transnacionales de personas y la intensificación de las presiones migratorias. En este sentido, España nunca ha sido ajena al fenómeno de las corrientes migratorias. Así por ejemplo, en los últimos años y durante la primera mitad del siglo XX y parte de la segunda, grandes contingentes de españoles emigraron hacia diferentes puntos de América Latina y Europa en busca de un empleo y mejor calidad de vida. Pero fue a finales del siglo pasado cuando España, impulsada por el acelerado ritmo de crecimiento económico adoptado en parte gracias a su integración económica en Europa, pasó de ser una economía emisora de emigrantes a una receptora de inmigrantes. Sin embargo, el fenómeno de la inmigración en España cobró verdadera importancia hasta principios del siglo XXI, cuando las fuertes oleadas masivas de personas provenientes de países en vías de desarrollo se dejaron sentir en su estructura poblacional y actividad laboral; de ésta manera, durante el primer quinquenio de este siglo si al 1 de enero del año 2000 los residentes extranjeros en España eran 0.9 millones (que representaban 2.3 por ciento de las personas empadronadas) al 1 de enero de 2005 ya eran 3.7 millones, es decir, 8.5 por ciento de la población residente en el país, habiéndose por tanto cuadriplicado el efectivo de extranjeros en tan sólo cinco años (González, 2006: 2-3; Gil, 2007: 1). Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en analizar las características de los flujos de inmigración actuales en España procedentes de países latinoamericanos, enmarcados en la nueva re-configuración del mapa migratorio mundial

Estudios de Caso sobre Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales en el siglo XXI.

Libro científico sobre estudios de casos en el medio agropecuario y ruralCon el advenimiento del siglo XXI y el avance de los procesos de globalización, el medio rural presenta diversos cambios económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales. Lo anterior significa que el campo es un objeto de estudio altamente dinámico, complejo e inasible. las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales, en la actualidad, requieren de un abordaje sistémico e interdisciplinario que den cuenta de la heterogeneidad de situaciones y contextos que enfrenta el campo mexicano. La presente obra agrupa 18 estudios de caso, que capturan algunas fotografías de las diversas problemáticas de la ruralidad mexicana, con lo cual se pretende dar cuenta tanto de los objetivos de estudio como de la perspectiva teórico metodológico desde que estos son abordados. lo anterior tiene que ver con el hecho de que las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales manifiestan un alto grado de observación empírica, motivo por el que los estudios de caso se convierten en la perspectiva metodológica idónea que permite ir y venir de la realidad a la teoría y viceversa para la construcción de objetos de estudio. En este volumen se aborda una gran diversidad de casos, que sintetizan la heterogeneidad de enfoques y perspectivas mediante las cuales los fenómenos agropecuarios y rurales han sido abordados en el Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, en los últimos 30 años

: Main advancements. Theoretical discussion and literature review

International audienc

Price trends of Agave Mezcalero in Mexico using multiple linear regression models

International audienceThis study developed a multiple linear regression model to estimate the Average rural prices (ARP) in Mexico with information taken from the period 1999-2018. The variables used to generate this model were the supply and demand as represented by planted area, yield, exports and the ARP of Agave Tequilero and Mezcalero. The analysis was carried out through the multiple linear regression model (MLRM) with the least squares method and using the statistical package R. The following variables were identified as having a significant influence on the determination of the ARP: the yield of Agave Mezcalero (YAM), the ARP of Agave Tequilero and the new planted area of Agave Tequilero (NPAATt-6) with an adjustment of 6 periods. Overall, three models were generated: model 2 was considered the most appropriate because it allows carrying out future forecasts with the new planted area with Agave Tequilero with 2 independent variables. YAM and NPAATt-6 were useful in predicting 65.5% of the annual variations in the ARP and helped recognize the negative trend of the Agave price from 2020 to 2024. Therefore, the use of the MLRM to estimate the Agave ARP can be a useful tool in predicting the performance of this crop.O objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um modelo de regressão linear múltipla para estimar o Preços médios rurais (PRM) no México com informações retiradas do período 1999-2018. As variáveis utilizadas para gerar este modelo foram a oferta e a demanda representadas pela área plantada, produtividade, exportações e o PRM da Agave Tequilero e Mezcalero. A análise foi realizada através do modelo de regressão linear múltipla (MRLM) com o método dos mínimos quadrados e utilizando o pacote estatístico R. As seguintes variáveis foram identificadas como tendo influência significativa na determinação do PRM: o rendimento da Agave Mezcalero (RAM), o PMR da Agave Tequilero e a nova área plantada da Agave Tequilero (NPAATt-6) com um ajuste de 6 períodos. Ao todo, foram gerados três modelos: o modelo 2 foi considerado o mais adequado porque permite fazer previsões futuras com a nova área plantada com Agave Tequilero com dois variáveis independentes. RAM e NPAATt-6 foram úteis na previsão de 65,5% das variações anuais no ARP e ajudaram a reconhecer a tendência negativa do preço da Agave de 2020 a 2024. Portanto, o uso do MRLM para estimar o PMR da Agave pode ser uma ferramenta útil na previsão do desempenho desta cultura

Geographical indications and environmental sustainability: An institutional analysis of Mezcal

This contribution is based upon my master's degree dissertation of the two year international master's program in economics and sustainability EPOG (https://epog.univ-paris13.fr/). This research was carried out during my internship at the Innovation and Development Unit of the CIRAD, under the guidance of researchers Claire Bernard-Mongin and Denis Sautier. The thesis advisers during the final examination were Mara Giua (Università degli Studi Roma Tre), Renaud Meteraud (Université de Paris) and Claire Bernard-Mongin (CIRAD).International audienceThe objective of this contribution is to analyze the most pressing institutional and environmental issues that surround the Mezcal denomination of origin (DO) in Mexico, since its legal protection in 1994. To this end, an institutional analysis is carried out by integrating for the first time two theoretical frameworks dealing with formal and informal institutions: the Learning Regions (LR) and Localized Agri-food Systems (LAS). This process is complemented with a mixed type of interviews carried out with diverse stakeholders across the Mezcal value-chain, coming from the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Michoacán. With respect to the first hypothesis, it is possible to claim that institutional proximity elements have played a positive role in the acknowledgement of the Mezcal DO in Mexico, but not necessarily within the initial legal structure of the DO. Alternative ways to certificate the Mezcal might emerged as a response to failures in the initial legal setting and changes in the legislation of Mezcal aimed at increasing its production. At the state level institutional proximity elements (either formal or informal) played an important role to find certification alternatives. Michoacan is an example of how formal institutions in the organized market can foster collective action with two objectives: to include this state into the Mezcal DO and to propose the federal acknowledgement of new Mezcal certifying entities, other than the Mezcal Regulatory Council. In Oaxaca, the role of formal institutions has been dubious, and informal institutions are characterized by important conflicts. Guerrero emerges as a very interesting example of how to develop a Participatory Agroecological Certification scheme (PAC) on top of the DO to guarantee the environmental sustainability and bio-cultural value of their Mezcal. With respect to our secondary hypothesis, it is possible to affirm that in Mexico the institutional architecture of the Mezcal denomination of origin has led to important environmental issues since its legal recognition in 1994. The initial legal setting of the Mezcal DO and its evolution have been the cause of significant environmental issues. Firstly, biodiversity considerations and extraction management practices of agave were weakly introduced in the book of specifications, leading to important issues between the Ministry of Environment and local producers upon the extraction of the agave. Secondly, changes of the tequila legislation have resulted in an increase of the agricultural frontier of agave in Mezcal producing regions with serious impacts on the landscape. Thirdly, in recent years new environmental issues have come to the forefront (water and soil) and already existing problems (biodiversity and energy-resources-waste) are intensified. Nonetheless, according to the actors interviewed, some institutional proximity elements were identified that strived to cope with these issues. In Michoacan formal institutions in the organized market have been characterized by collaboration between the members of the local university of the state and local producers. The institutional architecture of Oaxaca has been characterized by an important role of formal institutions and a minor relevance of informal institutions. Finally, in Guerrero both the formal and informal architectures have worked in favor of environmental sustainability

SYSTEMATIC PLANNING FOR THE MEXICAN SATELLITE SYSTEM

A systematic planning model for the Mexican satellite system consisting of the analysis of a domestic and international satellite system was diagnosed using SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) it´s mission, vision, values and strategic objectives were proposed and the strategies raised by the following combinations of SWOT: SO, ST, WO and WT. Finally, the plan of action and the feasibility of carrying it out were proposed.   Based on analysis and diagnosis one of the great strengths found in the country is the development of special scientific research, but it is isolated and therefore tends to establish humanist satellite companies to promote and preserve ecology and self-finance public and mixed wealth or private initiatives that systemically integrate basic and applied science among other companies which are engaged in the design, construction and launch of satellites with the purpose of contributing to technological development. This provides an efficient, fast, safe and cheap way to meet the demands of domestic and international users

Geographical indications and environmental sustainability: An institutional analysis of Mezcal

This contribution is based upon my master's degree dissertation of the two year international master's program in economics and sustainability EPOG (https://epog.univ-paris13.fr/). This research was carried out during my internship at the Innovation and Development Unit of the CIRAD, under the guidance of researchers Claire Bernard-Mongin and Denis Sautier. The thesis advisers during the final examination were Mara Giua (Università degli Studi Roma Tre), Renaud Meteraud (Université de Paris) and Claire Bernard-Mongin (CIRAD).International audienceThe objective of this contribution is to analyze the most pressing institutional and environmental issues that surround the Mezcal denomination of origin (DO) in Mexico, since its legal protection in 1994. To this end, an institutional analysis is carried out by integrating for the first time two theoretical frameworks dealing with formal and informal institutions: the Learning Regions (LR) and Localized Agri-food Systems (LAS). This process is complemented with a mixed type of interviews carried out with diverse stakeholders across the Mezcal value-chain, coming from the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Michoacán. With respect to the first hypothesis, it is possible to claim that institutional proximity elements have played a positive role in the acknowledgement of the Mezcal DO in Mexico, but not necessarily within the initial legal structure of the DO. Alternative ways to certificate the Mezcal might emerged as a response to failures in the initial legal setting and changes in the legislation of Mezcal aimed at increasing its production. At the state level institutional proximity elements (either formal or informal) played an important role to find certification alternatives. Michoacan is an example of how formal institutions in the organized market can foster collective action with two objectives: to include this state into the Mezcal DO and to propose the federal acknowledgement of new Mezcal certifying entities, other than the Mezcal Regulatory Council. In Oaxaca, the role of formal institutions has been dubious, and informal institutions are characterized by important conflicts. Guerrero emerges as a very interesting example of how to develop a Participatory Agroecological Certification scheme (PAC) on top of the DO to guarantee the environmental sustainability and bio-cultural value of their Mezcal. With respect to our secondary hypothesis, it is possible to affirm that in Mexico the institutional architecture of the Mezcal denomination of origin has led to important environmental issues since its legal recognition in 1994. The initial legal setting of the Mezcal DO and its evolution have been the cause of significant environmental issues. Firstly, biodiversity considerations and extraction management practices of agave were weakly introduced in the book of specifications, leading to important issues between the Ministry of Environment and local producers upon the extraction of the agave. Secondly, changes of the tequila legislation have resulted in an increase of the agricultural frontier of agave in Mezcal producing regions with serious impacts on the landscape. Thirdly, in recent years new environmental issues have come to the forefront (water and soil) and already existing problems (biodiversity and energy-resources-waste) are intensified. Nonetheless, according to the actors interviewed, some institutional proximity elements were identified that strived to cope with these issues. In Michoacan formal institutions in the organized market have been characterized by collaboration between the members of the local university of the state and local producers. The institutional architecture of Oaxaca has been characterized by an important role of formal institutions and a minor relevance of informal institutions. Finally, in Guerrero both the formal and informal architectures have worked in favor of environmental sustainability

Geographical indications and environmental sustainability: An institutional analysis of Mezcal

This contribution is based upon my master's degree dissertation of the two year international master's program in economics and sustainability EPOG (https://epog.univ-paris13.fr/). This research was carried out during my internship at the Innovation and Development Unit of the CIRAD, under the guidance of researchers Claire Bernard-Mongin and Denis Sautier. The thesis advisers during the final examination were Mara Giua (Università degli Studi Roma Tre), Renaud Meteraud (Université de Paris) and Claire Bernard-Mongin (CIRAD).International audienceThe objective of this contribution is to analyze the most pressing institutional and environmental issues that surround the Mezcal denomination of origin (DO) in Mexico, since its legal protection in 1994. To this end, an institutional analysis is carried out by integrating for the first time two theoretical frameworks dealing with formal and informal institutions: the Learning Regions (LR) and Localized Agri-food Systems (LAS). This process is complemented with a mixed type of interviews carried out with diverse stakeholders across the Mezcal value-chain, coming from the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Michoacán. With respect to the first hypothesis, it is possible to claim that institutional proximity elements have played a positive role in the acknowledgement of the Mezcal DO in Mexico, but not necessarily within the initial legal structure of the DO. Alternative ways to certificate the Mezcal might emerged as a response to failures in the initial legal setting and changes in the legislation of Mezcal aimed at increasing its production. At the state level institutional proximity elements (either formal or informal) played an important role to find certification alternatives. Michoacan is an example of how formal institutions in the organized market can foster collective action with two objectives: to include this state into the Mezcal DO and to propose the federal acknowledgement of new Mezcal certifying entities, other than the Mezcal Regulatory Council. In Oaxaca, the role of formal institutions has been dubious, and informal institutions are characterized by important conflicts. Guerrero emerges as a very interesting example of how to develop a Participatory Agroecological Certification scheme (PAC) on top of the DO to guarantee the environmental sustainability and bio-cultural value of their Mezcal. With respect to our secondary hypothesis, it is possible to affirm that in Mexico the institutional architecture of the Mezcal denomination of origin has led to important environmental issues since its legal recognition in 1994. The initial legal setting of the Mezcal DO and its evolution have been the cause of significant environmental issues. Firstly, biodiversity considerations and extraction management practices of agave were weakly introduced in the book of specifications, leading to important issues between the Ministry of Environment and local producers upon the extraction of the agave. Secondly, changes of the tequila legislation have resulted in an increase of the agricultural frontier of agave in Mezcal producing regions with serious impacts on the landscape. Thirdly, in recent years new environmental issues have come to the forefront (water and soil) and already existing problems (biodiversity and energy-resources-waste) are intensified. Nonetheless, according to the actors interviewed, some institutional proximity elements were identified that strived to cope with these issues. In Michoacan formal institutions in the organized market have been characterized by collaboration between the members of the local university of the state and local producers. The institutional architecture of Oaxaca has been characterized by an important role of formal institutions and a minor relevance of informal institutions. Finally, in Guerrero both the formal and informal architectures have worked in favor of environmental sustainability