Cirrosis hepática y ascitis quilosa, una enfermedad corriente con presentación inusual

This is a female patient of 61 years with personal pathological history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and liver cirrhosis. She was admitted at hospital with a diagnosis of chylous ascites and the probability of lymphoma versus peritoneal tuberculosis and it was performed multiple imaging studies that reported no tumor process. She evolved unfavorably until she presented diffuse peritonitis superimposed, hepatorenal syndrome and taking of the general state with electrolyte imbalance and acid-base. Pathological findings showed liver cirrhosis with diffuse peritonitis fibrinopurulent superadded to chylous ascites; she died with failure of multiple organ. Cirrhosis occupies 0.5% of the causes of chylous ascites.Se trata de una paciente femenina de 61 años, con antecedentes patológicos personales de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y cirrosis hepática. Ingresó con diagnóstico de ascitis quilosa y la probabilidad de linfoma versus tuberculosis peritoneal y se le realizaron múltiples estudios imagenológicos que no informaron proceso tumoral. Evolucionó desfavorablemente hasta presentar peritonitis difusa fibrinopurulenta sobreañadida, síndrome hepatorrenal y toma del estado general con desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico y ácido básico. Los hallazgos anatomopatológicos mostraron una cirrosis hepática con peritonitis fibrinopurulenta difusa sobreañadida a ascitis quilosa; falleció con daño y fallo de múltiples órganos. La cirrosis ocupa el 0.5% de las causas de ascitis quilosa

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

La disciplina académica frente a las políticas de formación integral: deconstruyendo el carácter político y simbólico de las resistencias

This research identifies recurring claims regarding a curricular proposal implemented in a Mexican university in 1999. It groups those claims in four categories and proceeds to deconstruct them in order to unfold the political and symbolic nature of each one. The authors build their inquiry making use of theories from disciplines such as sociology of professions, institutional analysis, and public policy studies. The empirical work used multiple methodologies including focal groups, interviews, and surveys. It is a predominantly qualitative work that studies how this university responded to a comprehensive education policy. It concludes that increased attempts to blur disciplinary boundaries result in increased hermeticism displayed by the professional communities. This study contributes to the analyses of the curricular tensions resulting from the reforms implemented at the end of the 1990s, while exposing how each faculty resists the intended changes.Esta investigación identifica aseveraciones recurrentes en torno a las propuestas de reforma curricular implementadas a partir de 1999 en una universidad mexicana. Agrupa tales aseveraciones en cuatro categorías y procede a realizar un ejercicio de deconstrucción mediante el que devela el carácter simbólico y político de las resistencias desplegadas en cada enunciación. Los autores construyen el sentido de la indagación valiéndose de emplazamientos teóricos de las disciplinas, de la sociología de la profesión, del análisis institucional y del estudio de política pública. Para el emplazamiento empírico se recurrió al enfoque multi-método donde se incluyeron grupos focales, entrevistas y encuestas. Se trata de un estudio predominantemente cualitativo que explica cómo responde la universidad en cuestión a una política de educación integral. Concluye que a mayores intentos de desdibujar los límites disciplinares, mayor hermetismo mostrado por parte de los gremios disciplinares. Es un estudio que contribuye al análisis de las tensiones curriculares generadas a partir de reformas presentadas a finales de los noventa además de mostrar las características de las resistencias mostradas al interior de cada facultad

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)