1,260 research outputs found
A Quantitative Theory of Solid Tumor Growth, Metabolic Rate and Vascularization
The relationships between cellular, structural and dynamical properties of tumors have traditionally been studied separately. Here, we construct a quantitative, predictive theory of solid tumor growth, metabolic rate, vascularization and necrosis that integrates the relationships between these properties. To accomplish this, we develop a comprehensive theory that describes the interface and integration of the tumor vascular network and resource supply with the cardiovascular system of the host. Our theory enables a quantitative understanding of how cells, tissues, and vascular networks act together across multiple scales by building on recent theoretical advances in modeling both healthy vasculature and the detailed processes of angiogenesis and tumor growth. The theory explicitly relates tumor vascularization and growth to metabolic rate, and yields extensive predictions for tumor properties, including growth rates, metabolic rates, degree of necrosis, blood flow rates and vessel sizes. Besides these quantitative predictions, we explain how growth rates depend on capillary density and metabolic rate, and why similar tumors grow slower and occur less frequently in larger animals, shedding light on Peto's paradox. Various implications for potential therapeutic strategies and further research are discussed
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on bovine serum albumin adsorption on Ti6Al4V alloy: A scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy study
Abstract Protein adsorption on the surface of implant materials greatly affects the performance of the implants, such as their stability as well as the release of metal ions from and the adhesion of cells to their surface. In addition, the production of extracellular H2O2 from the activation of inflammatory cells could interfere with protein–metal interactions and/or modify the conformation of adsorbed proteins. In this study, we utilised scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) to visualise the impact of H2O2 on bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption on the positively polarised Ti6Al4V alloy in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. We show that the negatively charged BSA adsorbs onto the surface of polished and anodically polarised Ti6Al4V in a dense layer with a continuous network-like morphology or cluster shape and reduces the variation in the total surface potential compared to that of blank Ti6Al4V. However, addition of H2O2 to the PBS solution interferes with the formation of the dense protein network, and only a thin and discontinuous protein layer adsorbs onto the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy, lowering the total surface potential difference. The information presented in this work provides new insights into the adsorption distribution of proteins on metallic substrates in biomaterials field
Short-distance thermal correlations in the XXZ chain
Recent studies have revealed much of the mathematical structure of the static
correlation functions of the XXZ chain. Here we use the results of those
studies in order to work out explicit examples of short-distance correlation
functions in the infinite chain. We compute two-point functions ranging over 2,
3 and 4 lattice sites as functions of the temperature and the magnetic field
for various anisotropies in the massless regime . It turns
out that the new formulae are numerically efficient and allow us to obtain the
correlations functions over the full parameter range with arbitrary precision.Comment: 25 pages, 5 colored figure
The Role of Cu-Based Intermetallic on the Direct Growth of a ZnAl LDH Film on AA2024
The direct ZnAl layered double hydroxide growth on AA2024 is a fast-occurring reaction, yet is characterized by an inhomogeneous film thickness. It has been shown that at the periphery of Cu-rich intermetallic, the flakes tend to be larger and denser. A combination of in situ and ex situ measurements were used to monitor the changes in the layered double hydroxide film grown on the regions of intermetallics. Immediately after immersion, an activation of the intermetallic phases is observed due to the dealloying process with an almost immediate film growth. Dealloying is followed by trenching of the adjacent Al matrix leading to an excessive production of large and dense layered double hydroxide flakes at the periphery of the intermetallic. However, the scanning electron microscopy cross-section images revealed that the trenching process leads to defects in the area surrounding the intermetallic. This could weaken the corrosion resistance performance of the layered double hydroxide conversion coating and lead to adhesion failure of consecutive polymer coatings. Nevertheless, this work highlights a few advantages and drawbacks of the layered double hydroxide conversion coatings and pathways to its potential optimization and improvement
Intrinsic Absorption in the Spectrum of Mrk 279: Simultaneous Chandra, FUSE, and STIS Observations
We present a study of the intrinsic X-ray and far-ultraviolet absorption in
the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy Markarian 279 using simultaneous observations from the
Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph aboard the
Hubble Space Telescope, and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE).
We also present FUSE observations made at three additional epochs. We detect
the Fe K-alpha emission line in the Chandra spectrum, and its flux is
consistent with the low X-ray continuum flux level of Mrk 279 at the time of
the observation. Due to low signal-to-noise ratios in the Chandra spectrum, no
O VII or O VIII absorption features are observable in the Chandra data, but the
UV spectra reveal strong and complex absorption from HI and high-ionization
species such as O VI, N V, and C IV, as well as from low-ionization species
such as C III, N III, C II, and N II in some velocity components. The far-UV
spectral coverage of the FUSE data provides information on high-order Lyman
series absorption, which we use to calculate the optical depths and line and
continuum covering fractions in the intrinsic HI absorbing gas in a
self-consistent fashion. The UV continuum flux of Mrk 279 decreases by a factor
of ~7.5 over the time spanning these observations and we discuss the
implications of the response of the absorption features to this change. From
arguments based on the velocities, profile shapes, covering fractions and
variability of the UV absorption, we conclude that some of the absorption
components, particularly those showing prominent low-ionization lines, are
likely associated with the host galaxy of Mrk 279, and possibly with its
interaction with a close companion galaxy, while the remainder arises in a
nuclear outflow.Comment: To appear in 2004 May ApJS; double-column format; 58 pages, incl. 29
figures, 9 tables; minor changes to tex
Therapeutic limitations in tumor-specific CD8+ memory T cell engraftment
BACKGROUND: Adoptive immunotherapy with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) represents an alternative approach to treating solid tumors. Ideally, this would confer long-term protection against tumor. We previously demonstrated that in vitro-generated tumor-specific CTL from the ovalbumin (OVA)-specific OT-I T cell receptor transgenic mouse persisted long after adoptive transfer as memory T cells. When recipient mice were challenged with the OVA-expressing E.G7 thymoma, tumor growth was delayed and sometimes prevented. The reasons for therapeutic failures were not clear. METHODS: OT-I CTL were adoptively transferred to C57BL/6 mice 21 – 28 days prior to tumor challenge. At this time, the donor cells had the phenotypical and functional characteristics of memory CD8+ T cells. Recipients which developed tumor despite adoptive immunotherapy were analyzed to evaluate the reason(s) for therapeutic failure. RESULTS: Dose-response studies demonstrated that the degree of tumor protection was directly proportional to the number of OT-I CTL adoptively transferred. At a low dose of OT-I CTL, therapeutic failure was attributed to insufficient numbers of OT-I T cells that persisted in vivo, rather than mechanisms that actively suppressed or anergized the OT-I T cells. In recipients of high numbers of OT-I CTL, the E.G7 tumor that developed was shown to be resistant to fresh OT-I CTL when examined ex vivo. Furthermore, these same tumor cells no longer secreted a detectable level of OVA. In this case, resistance to immunotherapy was secondary to selection of clones of E.G7 that expressed a lower level of tumor antigen. CONCLUSIONS: Memory engraftment with tumor-specific CTL provides long-term protection against tumor. However, there are several limitations to this immunotherapeutic strategy, especially when targeting a single antigen. This study illustrates the importance of administering large numbers of effectors to engraft sufficiently efficacious immunologic memory. It also demonstrates the importance of targeting several antigens when developing vaccine strategies for cancer
Nasal reconstruction of a patient with complete congenital arhinia : a clinical report
Complete congenital arhinia is a rare embryonic disorder of unknown etiology. This is a clinical report of prosthetic nasal rehabilitations done in the early childhood and
adolescent stages of a patient with complete congenital arhinia. Additive manufacturing techniques for creating pre-surgical planning models to assist in the
creation of new nasal passages is also described. These rare cases can be successfully
rehabilitated if patients are sufficiently motivated and there is meticulous planning
and collaboration from a multidisciplinary team.http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-prosthetic-dentistry2017-12-31hb2016Prosthodontic
The Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership: An Example of Science Applied to Societal Needs
Northern Eurasia, the largest landmass in the northern extratropics, accounts for ~20% of the global land area. However, little is known about how the biogeochemical cycles, energy and water cycles, and human activities specific to this carbon-rich, cold region interact with global climate. A major concern is that changes in the distribution of land-based life, as well as its interactions with the environment, may lead to a self-reinforcing cycle of accelerated regional and global warming. With this as its motivation, the Northern Eurasian Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI) was formed in 2004 to better understand and quantify feedbacks between northern Eurasian and global climates. The first group of NEESPI projects has mostly focused on assembling regional databases, organizing improved environmental monitoring of the region, and studying individual environmental processes. That was a starting point to addressing emerging challenges in the region related to rapidly and simultaneously changing climate, environmental, and societal systems. More recently, the NEESPI research focus has been moving toward integrative studies, including the development of modeling capabilities to project the future state of climate, environment, and societies in the NEESPI domain. This effort will require a high level of integration of observation programs, process studies, and modeling across disciplines
Effects of local meteorology and aerosols on ozone and nitrogen dioxide retrievals from OMI and pandora spectrometers in Maryland, USA during DISCOVER-AQ 2011
An analysis is presented for both ground- and satellite-based retrievals of total column ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels from the Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area during the NASA-sponsored July 2011 campaign of Deriving Information on Surface COnditions from Column and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ). Satellite retrievals of total column ozone and nitrogen dioxide from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Aura satellite are used, while Pandora spectrometers provide total column ozone and nitrogen dioxide amounts from the ground. We found that OMI and Pandora agree well (residuals within ±25 % for nitrogen dioxide, and ±4.5 % for ozone) for a majority of coincident observations during July 2011. Comparisons with surface nitrogen dioxide from a Teledyne API 200 EU NOx Analyzer showed nitrogen dioxide diurnal variability that was consistent with measurements by Pandora. However, the wide OMI field of view, clouds, and aerosols affected retrievals on certain days, resulting in differences between Pandora and OMI of up to ±65 % for total column nitrogen dioxide, and ±23 % for total column ozone. As expected, significant cloud cover (cloud fraction \u3e0.2) was the most important parameter affecting comparisons of ozone retrievals; however, small, passing cumulus clouds that do not coincide with a high (\u3e0.2) cloud fraction, or low aerosol layers which cause significant backscatter near the ground affected the comparisons of total column nitrogen dioxide retrievals. Our results will impact post-processing satellite retrieval algorithms and quality control procedures
Machine detector interface for the future circular collider
The international Future Circular Collider (FCC) study aims at a design of
, , colliders to be built in a new 100 km tunnel in the Geneva
region. The collider (FCC-ee) has a centre of mass energy range
between 90 (Z-pole) and 375 GeV (tt_bar). To reach such unprecedented energies
and luminosities, the design of the interaction region is crucial. The
crab-waist collision scheme has been chosen for the design and it will be
compatible with all beam energies. In this paper we will describe the machine
detector interface layout including the solenoid compensation scheme. We will
describe how this layout fulfills all the requirements set by the parameters
table and by the physical constraints. We will summarize the studies of the
impact of the synchrotron radiation, the analysis of trapped modes and of the
backgrounds induced by single beam and luminosity effects giving an estimate of
the losses in the interaction region and in the detector.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, 62th ICFA ABDW on High Luminosity Circular
Colliders, eeFACT2018, Hong Kong, Chin
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