12 research outputs found

    Pyroséquençage pour le développement d'EST et de SNP aviaires

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    Le but du programme est de combler les déficits en marqueurs observés pour trois espèces aviaires : la caille, le canard et la poule. La stratégie choisie est l'obtention, à partir de plusieurs individus de lignées d'intérêt, de SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, polymorphisme d'un nucléotide) par une nouvelle technologie de séquençage à haut débit (séquenceur 454 GS-FLX, Roche). Nous séquençons des représentations réduites du génome, en sélectionnant d'une part des fragments de restriction d'ADN génomique - les mêmes chez tous les individus - et d'autre part les transcrits qui représentent globalement la partie du génome correspondant aux gènes exprimés. Ces expérimentations sont réalisées à partir d'échantillons d'ADN ou d'ARN issus d'individus de lignées à l'origine de croisements existants, pour chacune des trois espèces. Les données générées par plusieurs "runs" de séquence seront traitées in silico : contigage à haut débit, recherche de SNP, comparaison avec les banques de séquences connues...En plus de l'intérêt que représente la production d'un très grand nombre de SNP nouveaux, cette technologie devrait permettre de mieux séquencer les régions riches en (G+C) correspondant aux plus petits des microchromosomes pour lesquels il n'y a pas de séquence chez la poule. La comparaison des séquences des transcrits obtenues chez la caille et le canard avec la séquence du génome de la poule permettra d'établir une "cartographie virtuelle" des SNP obtenus, grâce à la grande conservation de synténie existant entre ces trois espèces

    Evaluations des doses dues aux neutrons secondaires reçues par des patients de différents âges traités par protonthérapie pour des tumeurs intracrâniennes

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    La protonthérapie est une technique avancée de radiothérapie qui permet de délivrer une dose élevée à la tumeur, tout en épargnant au mieux les tissus sains environnants, grâce aux propriétés balistiques des protons. Cependant, des particules secondaires, principalement des neutrons, sont créées par les interactions nucléaires que les protons initient dans les composantes de la ligne et de la salle de traitement, ainsi que dans le patient. Ces neutrons secondaires conduisent à des doses indésirables déposées aux tissus sains situés à distance du volume cible, dont la conséquence pourrait être une augmentation du risque de développement de seconds cancers chez les patients traités et en particulier chez les enfants. Cette thèse a pour objectif d évaluer par calcul les doses dues aux neutrons secondaires reçues par des patients de différents âges traités à l Institut Curie- centre de protonthérapie d Orsay (ICPO) par des faisceaux de protons de 178 MeV pour des tumeurs intracrâniennes. Les traitements sont réalisés dans la nouvelle salle de l ICPO équipée d un bras isocentrique IBA. Les composants de la ligne et de la salle de traitement ainsi que la source de protons ont été modélisés à l aide du code de calcul Monte Carlo MCNPX. Le modèle obtenu a été validé par une série de comparaisons de calculs à des mesures expérimentales. Ces comparaisons ont concerné : a) les distributions de doses latérales et en profondeur du faisceau de protons primaire dans un fantôme d eau, b) la spectrométrie des neutrons en une point de la salle, c) les équivalents de doses ambiants en différents points de la salle et d) les doses à distance du volume cible au sein d un fantôme physique anthropomorhe. Des accords satisfaisants ont été obtenus entre les calculs et les mesures, permettant ainsi de considérer le modèle comme validé.Les fantômes hybrides-voxels de différents âges, développés par l Université de Floride ont été ensuite introduits dans le modèle et des calculs de doses dues aux neutrons secondaires aux différents organes de ces fantômes ont été réalisés. Les doses diminuent lorsque la distance de l organe au champ de traitement augmente et lorsque l âge du patient augmente. Un patient de 1 an peut recevoir des doses deux fois plus élevées qu un adulte. La dose maximale, égale à 16,5 mGy pour un traitement délivrant 54 Gy à la tumeur, est reçue, pour le fantôme de 1 an, par les glandes salivaires. Une incidence latérale (gauche ou droite) du faisceau de protons peut délivrer des doses deux fois plus élevées qu une incidence supérieure (gauche ou droite), et quatre fois plus élevées qu une incidence antéro-supérieure pour certains organes. Des doses équivalentes aux organes dues aux neutrons ont été aussi calculées. Les facteurs de pondération wR des neutrons varient entre 4 et 10, et les doses équivalentes atteignent au maximum 155 mSv au cours d un traitement complet.Proton therapy is an advanced radiation therapy technique that allows delivering high doses to the tumor while saving the healthy surrounding tissues due to the protons ballistic properties. However, secondary particles, especially neutrons, are created during protons nuclear reactions in the beam-line and the treatment room components, as well as inside the patient. Those secondary neutrons lead to unwanted dose deposition to the healthy tissues located at distance from the target, which may increase the secondary cancer risks to the patients, especially the pediatric ones. The aim of this work was to calculate the neutron secondary doses received by patients of different ages treated at the Institut Curie-centre de Protonthérapie d Orsay (ICPO) for intracranial tumors, using a 178 MeV proton beam. The treatments are undertaken at the new ICPO room equipped with an IBA gantry. The treatment room and the beam-line components, as well as the proton source were modeled using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. The obtained model was then validated by a series of comparisons between model calculations and experimental measurements. The comparisons concerned: a) depth and lateral proton dose distributions in a water phantom, b) neutron spectrometry at one position in the treatment room, c) ambient dose equivalents at different positions in the treatment room and d) secondary absorbed doses inside a physical anthropomorphic phantom. A general good agreement was found between calculations and measurements, thus our model was considered as validated. The University of Florida hybrid voxelized phantoms of different ages were introduced into the MCNPX validated model, and secondary neutron doses were calculated to many of these phantoms organs. The calculated doses were found to decrease as the organ s distance to the treatment field increases and as the patient s age increases. The secondary doses received by a one year-old patient may be two times higher than the doses received by an adult. A maximum dose of 16.5 mGy for a whole treatment delivering 54 Gy to the tumor was calculated to the salivary glands of a one year-old phantom. The calculated doses for a lateral proton beam incidence (left or right) may be, for some organs, two times higher than doses for an upper incidence (left or right) and four times higher than doses for an antero-superior incidence. Neutron equivalent doses were also calculated for some organs. The neutron weighting factors wR were found to vary between 4 and 10 and the equivalent doses for the considered organs reached at maximum 155 mSv during a whole treatment.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Visual outcomes of macular melanocytic lesions after early or delayed proton beam therapy

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    International audiencePurposeDuring their initial management, some macular melanocytic lesions can be closely monitored to wait for a documented growth before advocating a treatment by irradiation. However, the visual outcomes of this strategy have not yet been assessed. This study compares the visual outcomes of macular melanocytic lesions that underwent delayed proton beam therapy (PBT) after an initial observation to those treated early.MethodsA total of 162 patients with suspicious melanocytic lesions whose margins were located within 3 mm of the fovea were recruited from two French ocular oncology centers.ResultsOverall, 82 patients treated with PBT within 4 months after the initial visit (early PBT group) were compared to 24 patients treated with delayed PBT (delayed PBT group) and 56 patients not treated with PBT (observation group). Visual acuity was not significantly different between baseline and last visit in the observation group (p = 0.325). Between baseline and last visit, the median [IQR] loss in visual acuity was significant in both the early (0.7 [0.2; 1.8], p < 0.001) and the delayed (0.5 [0.2; 1.5], p < 0.001) PBT groups. After irradiation, there was no significant difference between the early and delayed PBT groups for visual loss (p = 0.575), diameter reduction (p = 0.190), and thickness lowering (p = 0.892). In multivariate analysis, history of diabetes mellitus and Bruch's membrane rupture remained significantly associated with greater visual loss (p = 0.036 and p = 0.002, respectively).ConclusionFor small lesions in which there is no clear diagnosis of malignant melanoma, an initial close monitoring to document tumor growth does not impact visual prognosis, despite the potential complications associated with the untreated tumor. However, the survival should remain the main outcome of the treatment of these lesions

    Non-Cancer Effects following Ionizing Irradiation Involving the Eye and Orbit

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    International audienceThe eye is an exemplarily challenging organ to treat when considering ocular tumors. It is at the crossroads of several major aims in oncology: tumor control, organ preservation, and functional outcomes including vision and quality of life. The proximity between the tumor and organs that are susceptible to radiation damage explain these challenges. Given a high enough dose of radiation, virtually any cancer will be destroyed with radiotherapy. Yet, the doses inevitably absorbed by normal tissues may lead to complications, the likelihood of which increases with the radiation dose and volume of normal tissues irradiated. Precision radiotherapy allows personalized decision-making algorithms based on patient and tumor characteristics by exploiting the full knowledge of the physics, radiobiology, and the modifications made to the radiotherapy equipment to adapt to the various ocular tumors. Anticipation of the spectrum and severity of radiation-induced complications is crucial to the decision of which technique to use for a given tumor. Radiation can damage the lacrimal gland, eyelashes/eyelids, cornea, lens, macula/retina, optic nerves and chiasma, each having specific dose–response characteristics. The present review is a report of non-cancer effects that may occur following ionizing irradiation involving the eye and orbit and their specific patterns of toxicity for a given radiotherapy modality.</jats:p

    Quantitative analysis of choriocapillaris alterations in swept-source optical coherence tomography-angiography during radiation retinopathy

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    International audiencePurpose: To evaluate choriocapillaris alterations following proton beam therapy irradiation using swept-source optical coherence tomography-angiography, and to assess their correlation with the grade of radiation retinopathy (RR).Methods: Eyes with uveal melanoma evaluated before and after irradiation with proton beam therapy were included, as well as the healthy fellow eye. The gradation of RR was based on a previously published classification. Choriocapillaris flow voids area was analyzed using Phansalkar thresholding. Retinal vascularization was described by foveal avascular zone (FAZ) perimeter, FAZ area, FAZ circularity index, and percentage of nonperfusion area (PAN) in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) or deep capillary plexus.Results: A total of 157 eyes of 83 patients were analyzed. Overall, there was a significant difference between the control group, the uveal melanoma before proton beam therapy group, and the grades of RR in the uveal melanoma after proton beam therapy group for FAZ perimeter (P < 0.001), FAZ area (P < 0.001), FAZ-circularity index (P < 0.001), PAN-SCP (P < 0.001), PAN-deep capillary plexus (P < 0.001), and choriocapillaris flow voids area (P < 0.001). Moreover, choriocapillaris flow voids area was significantly increased in the early stages of RR (P = 0.003) and was further significantly correlated with FAZ perimeter (P < 0.001), FAZ area (P < 0.001), FAZ-circularity index (P = 0.010), PAN-SCP (P < 0.001), and PAN-deep capillary plexus (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Quantitative optical coherence tomography-angiography alterations in the choriocapillaris microvascularization are an early biomarker of RR and are correlated to the severity of the disease
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