Duopole en prix et allocation de capacité sur deux marchés

Nous étudions l'incidence de contraintes de capacité dans un modèle de concurrence oligopolistique en prix sur deux marchés. Pour des capacités de production données, Levitan et Shubik (1972) ont identifié un équilibre en stratégies mixtes dans le cas d'un duopole formé de deux firmes qui se concurrencent en prix sur un seul marché. Supposons que ces deux firmes décident de s'installer sur deux marchés, elles doivent alors répartir leurs capacités entre ces marchés. Chaque firme répartit sa capacité totale et fixe alors son prix sur chaque marché. Une des stratégies offertes pour la firme dans ce nouveau contexte concurrentiel est de suivre l'allocation de capacité et la politique de prix d'équilibre sur un seul marché identifiées par Levitan et Shubik. Nous montrons que cette allocation ne constitue pas un équilibre lorsqu'elle est répliquée sur deux marchés

Contributions à l' économie de la famille : effet du statut marital sur le comportement des ménages.

This work is a contribution to the economy of the family to analyze the importance of the family interactions on the behavior of the economic agents. So we propose during this document an evaluation of the importance of these interactions in the decision-making of the households. The basic model which will be used in the various results is the one of Browing and Chiappori ( 1998 ) and generalized by Chiappori and Ekeland (2006 ). This work contains possibly three chapters the objective of which is unique; it is a question of analyzing the effect of the family interactions on the decision-making of the households: The first part of the thesis has for objective to model the effect of parental's risk aversion on their marital choice. The theoretical foundations of this work are in a generalization of the article of Arrondel and Calvo(2011). In the second part of the thesis, we estimate the effect of the marital status, marriage vs cohabitation, on children's well-being by using the data of the Family Expenditure Survey, FES, for period 1995-2006. In the third part of the thesis, we illustrate the relation “matrimoine consumption” by a more structural empirical application using the same British data but for longer period ( 1988-2007 ). More particularly, we are interested to estimate individual children’s cost. The proposed model is inspired by recent collective model of the behavior of the household developed by Browning, Chiappori et Lewbel (2008) and Lewbel et Pendakur (2008).Ce travail est une contribution à l’économie de la famille visant à analyser l’importance des interactions familiales sur le comportement des agents économiques. En effet, ces interactions peuvent influencer le pouvoir de négociation des ménages, leurs consommations des biens, ou encore leur offre de travail. Nous nous proposons donc au cours de ce document une évaluation de l’importance de ces interactions dans la prise de décision des ménages. Le modèle de base qui sera utilisé dans les différents résultats est celui de Browing et Chiappori (1998) et généralisé par Chiappori et Ekeland (2006). Ce travail comporte éventuellement trois chapitres dont l’objectif est unique ; il s’agit d’analyser l’effet des interactions familiales sur la prise de décision des ménages : La première partie de la thèse a pour objectif de modéliser l’effet de l'aversion au risque des conjoints sur leur choix marital. Les fondements théoriques de ce travail se trouvent dans une généralisation de l'article de Arrondel et Calvo (2011). Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, on estime l'effet du statut marital, mariage vs concubinage, sur les dépenses des enfants et ce en utilisant les données du Family Expenditure Survey, FES, pour la période 1995-2006. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous illustrons la relation matrimoine consommation par une application empirique plus structurel en utilisant toujours des données Britanniques mais pour une plus longue période (1988-2007). Plus particulièrement, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation du coût individuel des enfants. L’approche adoptée dans cette partie est étroitement liée aux développements récents dans la littérature des modèles collectifs( Browning, Chiappori et Lewbel, 2008 et Lewbel et Pendakur, 2008)

Navigating through the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfinished learning in primary and secondary education in Tunisia

During the outbreak of the global SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic, Tunisia, like many countries, prepared an emergency plan to shift to distance learning to salvage the academic year and ensure continuous learning. However, a shortage of digital materials coupled with the fact that many households did not have adequate Internet bandwidth made it virtually impossible to secure adequate digital learning. When in-person schooling was restarted in 2020/21, primary, pre-secondary, and secondary school pupils attended school on alternate days to avoid overcrowding. As a result of the pandemic, the curriculum has been lightened, and the fundamentals have been prioritized. Based on a content analysis of the Ministry of Education documents and a survey conducted by the Ministry on remote learning, we shed light on the different measures taken to curb learning loss during the spread of the pandemic as well as the challenges facing Tunisian students and the government. The consequences of these measures are discussed along with future recommendations. (DIPF/Orig.

158 Prothetic abcess complicating Infective endocarditis

The cardiac abscess formation is appraised to 20–30% during the infectious endocarditis (IE). It is more frequent during prosthesis endocarditis and it can reach 60%. The prognosis is generally reserved. Objective To determine echocardiographic, bacteriological and evolutive features of prothetic IE complicated of abscess.Retrospective study including 51 patients having certain or probable IE according to Duke criterias between 2002 and 2005. At 9 patients (17,64%) the endocarditis was complicated of prothetic abscess. It was about 6 men and 3 women with a middle age of 39 ± years. IE was la ate IE in 5 cases. Clinical and biological infectious syndrome was constant. Isolated germs were staphylococcus aureus in 2 cases, GRAM négatif Bacillus in 2 cases. Culture negative endocarditis were noted in 5 cases. Brucellosis serology was positive at one patient. Prothetic abcess was diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) at 2 patients and by transesophagal echocardiography (TEE) at all patients.The abcess was localized on the aortic prosthesis at 5 patients, mitral prothesis at 3 patients and mitroaortic prothesis at one patient. TEE identified annular abcess at 2 patients and a myocardial abcess at 1 patient. Secondary septic localizations were noted at 6 patients: 4 cerebral abscesses, 2 splenic localization, a renal localization and an articular localization. High degree atrioventricular blocks were observed at 3 patients. The recourse to the surgery was frequent (7 patient/9 patient). It was an emergent sugery at 2 patients because of a heart failure. For the others, the indication for surgery was medical failure treatment at a mean delay of 19 days. The evolution was fatal at 5 patients. and the evolution was favorable at the others.Prothetic endocarditis complicated of abscess are serious requiring frequently a prothetic replacement, a very high risked surgery. TEE must be systematic at all patients carrier of prosthesis if they have infectious syndrome in order to carry the early diagnosis of IE and to avoid abcess formation

Goodbye Hartmann trial: a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study on the current use of a surgical procedure developed a century ago

Background: Literature suggests colonic resection and primary anastomosis (RPA) instead of Hartmann's procedure (HP) for the treatment of left-sided colonic emergencies. We aim to evaluate the surgical options globally used to treat patients with acute left-sided colonic emergencies and the factors that leading to the choice of treatment, comparing HP and RPA. Methods: This is a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A total 1215 patients with left-sided colonic emergencies who required surgery were included from 204 centers during the period of March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020. with a 1-year follow-up. Results: 564 patients (43.1%) were females. The mean age was 65.9 ± 15.6 years. HP was performed in 697 (57.3%) patients and RPA in 384 (31.6%) cases. Complicated acute diverticulitis was the most common cause of left-sided colonic emergencies (40.2%), followed by colorectal malignancy (36.6%). Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3b) were higher in the HP group (P < 0.001). 30-day mortality was higher in HP patients (13.7%), especially in case of bowel perforation and diffused peritonitis. 1-year follow-up showed no differences on ostomy reversal rate between HP and RPA. (P = 0.127). A backward likelihood logistic regression model showed that RPA was preferred in younger patients, having low ASA score (≤ 3), in case of large bowel obstruction, absence of colonic ischemia, longer time from admission to surgery, operating early at the day working hours, by a surgeon who performed more than 50 colorectal resections. Conclusions: After 100 years since the first Hartmann's procedure, HP remains the most common treatment for left-sided colorectal emergencies. Treatment's choice depends on patient characteristics, the time of surgery and the experience of the surgeon. RPA should be considered as the gold standard for surgery, with HP being an exception

Contributions to economics of the family : Marital status' effect on household behavior.

Ce travail est une contribution à l’économie de la famille visant à analyser l’importance des interactions familiales sur le comportement des agents économiques. En effet, ces interactions peuvent influencer le pouvoir de négociation des ménages, leurs consommations des biens, ou encore leur offre de travail. Nous nous proposons donc au cours de ce document une évaluation de l’importance de ces interactions dans la prise de décision des ménages. Le modèle de base qui sera utilisé dans les différents résultats est celui de Browing et Chiappori (1998) et généralisé par Chiappori et Ekeland (2006). Ce travail comporte éventuellement trois chapitres dont l’objectif est unique ; il s’agit d’analyser l’effet des interactions familiales sur la prise de décision des ménages : La première partie de la thèse a pour objectif de modéliser l’effet de l'aversion au risque des conjoints sur leur choix marital. Les fondements théoriques de ce travail se trouvent dans une généralisation de l'article de Arrondel et Calvo (2011). Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, on estime l'effet du statut marital, mariage vs concubinage, sur les dépenses des enfants et ce en utilisant les données du Family Expenditure Survey, FES, pour la période 1995-2006. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, nous illustrons la relation matrimoine consommation par une application empirique plus structurel en utilisant toujours des données Britanniques mais pour une plus longue période (1988-2007). Plus particulièrement, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation du coût individuel des enfants. L’approche adoptée dans cette partie est étroitement liée aux développements récents dans la littérature des modèles collectifs( Browning, Chiappori et Lewbel, 2008 et Lewbel et Pendakur, 2008).This work is a contribution to the economy of the family to analyze the importance of the family interactions on the behavior of the economic agents. So we propose during this document an evaluation of the importance of these interactions in the decision-making of the households. The basic model which will be used in the various results is the one of Browing and Chiappori ( 1998 ) and generalized by Chiappori and Ekeland (2006 ). This work contains possibly three chapters the objective of which is unique; it is a question of analyzing the effect of the family interactions on the decision-making of the households: The first part of the thesis has for objective to model the effect of parental's risk aversion on their marital choice. The theoretical foundations of this work are in a generalization of the article of Arrondel and Calvo(2011). In the second part of the thesis, we estimate the effect of the marital status, marriage vs cohabitation, on children's well-being by using the data of the Family Expenditure Survey, FES, for period 1995-2006. In the third part of the thesis, we illustrate the relation “matrimoine consumption” by a more structural empirical application using the same British data but for longer period ( 1988-2007 ). More particularly, we are interested to estimate individual children’s cost. The proposed model is inspired by recent collective model of the behavior of the household developed by Browning, Chiappori et Lewbel (2008) and Lewbel et Pendakur (2008)

An Attempt to Explain the Gender Gap Reversal in Academic Achievement in Arab Countries

Girls outperforming boys in academic achievement is attracting a lot of attention from educational researchers, and there is a growing literature on the factors explaining this reverse gender gap. This study aims to contribute to the literature by explaining the gender gap reversal in academic achievement of students in four Arab countries participating in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012. Using Amartya Sen’s capability approach, we define the desire to learn as an emotional capability. The latter is a hypothetical construct and a latent (unobservable) variable that we assume predicts achievement positively. We employ the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) technique to assess the desire to learn. The MIMIC estimation model is used to calculate the desire to learn scores for males and females. Our findings demonstrate that girls have a far higher score of desire to learn than boys which explains their outperformance

Resource Sharing in Households with Children: A Generalized Model and Empirical Evidence from the UK

Abstract We suggest a generalized collective model of consumption that extends Browning, Chiappori, Lewbel (2013) to couples with children. Economies of scale are defined using a general form of Barten scales. We identify resource sharing between household members and, originally, the contribution of each parent to the expenditure on children. We provide a tractable estimation approach based on a simple demand system for male and female clothing, i.e. two exclusive goods commonly available in standard surveys. We illustrate the method on thirty years of expenditure data for the UK. We relax the independence of the sharing rule on total expenditure and actually find that women’s shares increase with living standards. This, and progress in education levels, explain most of the reduction in intrahousehold inequality over the period

Short-term effects of various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on Danio rerio embryos

Due to the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without a medical prescription and their frequent prevalence in aquatic habitats, there are major health and environmental issues. NSAIDs have been found in surface water and wastewater in concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L all over the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketoprofen, paracetamol and ibuprofen) exposure and associated adverse effects in the assessment of indirect human health risks posed by Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of these NSAIDs in aquatic environments. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (i) reveal abnormality endpoints of early developmental stages, after exposure of zebrafish and (ii) perform an ecological risk assessment of aquatic organisms upon exposure to NSAIDs detected in surface waters based on the risk quotients (RQs) method. According to the toxicity data collected, all of the malformations appeared after diclofenac exposure at all concentrations. The most notable malformations were the lack of pigmentation and an increase in yolk sac volume, with EC50 values of 0.6 and 1.03 mg/L, respectively. The results obtained for the ERA revealed RQs higher than 1 for all the four NSAIDs chosen, posing ecotoxicological pressure in aquatic environments. Overall, our findings provide a critical contribution to the formulation of high-priority actions, sustainable strategies and strict regulations that minimize the negative effects of NSAIDs on the aquatic ecosystem. • To determine the LC50, lethal conditions such as coagulation, absence of heartbeat and blood flow, absence of tail separation and development of somites were taken into account. • The EC50 was calculated using sublethal parameters such as blood coagulation, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema or hypertrophy. • The 4 compounds present a high risk individually and in mixture with a RQ >> 1

Fregoli syndrome in schizophrenia: about a case report

A Fregoli syndrome, just like Capgras Syndrome, Double Subjective Syndrome, and Inter metamorphosis Syndrome, belongs to the group of delusion misidentification syndromes. It is a rare neuropsychiatric pathology that could affect the brain with repercussions on behavior. It is the belief that a familiar person is disguised as a strange person by taking a different physical appearance but remains the same person psychologically. This entity has heterogonous etiologies, occurring mainly in the setting of organic diseases, affective disorders, or schizophrenia. In this article, we proposed to expose a case of a schizophrenic patient who developed Fregoli syndrome