Die bayerische Flächenmanagement-Datenbank

Das Ziel der „vorrangigen Innenentwicklung“ muss letztendlich auf kommunaler Ebene umgesetzt werden. Die Länder können die Kommunen dabei unterstützen, indem sie geeignete Methoden erproben, Hilfsmittel für die Praxis zur Verfügung stellen und Bewusstseinsbildung bei Bürgern und Entscheidungsträgern betreiben. Bereits 2002 wurde in Bayern eine erste Arbeitshilfe zum Flächenmanagement veröffentlicht. Mit weiteren Modellprojekten wurde die Methodik fortlaufend verbessert. Seit 2009 steht den Kommunen in Bayern mit der Flächenmanagement-Datenbank ein erprobtes und auch in kleinen Kommunen einfach anzuwendendes Instrument für die Erfassung und Aktivierung von Innenentwicklungspotenzialen kostenlos zur Verfügung

Umweltindikatoren in der Raumplanung

Orts- und Regionalentwicklungsprozesse haben großen Einfluss auf die Umwelt. Die Effekte und die Zielerreichung hinsichtlich der Umweltqualität werden jedoch meist nicht anhand von Kenndaten geprüft. Insbesondere Indikatoren zum Stand der Umwelt werden bisher noch zu wenig in Hinblick auf die Zielerreichung von Raumplanungsprozessen eingesetzt. Mit dem Umweltindikatorensystem Bayern besteht ein validiertes Konzept, das von der Raumbeobachtung bis hin zum Controlling breite Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für die Beurteilung von Entwicklungsprozessen auf die Umwelt bietet. Die Anwendung, insbesondere auf regionaler und kommunaler Ebene, sollte intensiviert werden. Für thematische Schwerpunkte, wie beispielsweise die „Reduzierung der Flächeninanspruchnahme“, ist die Ermittlung von Ergänzungsindikatoren (vorhandene und aktivierbare Innenentwicklungspotenziale) auf kommunaler Ebene notwendig. Sie sind oftmals fachliche Voraussetzung dafür, die Umsetzung in Abwägungs- und Genehmigungsverfahren anhand belastbarer Daten zu dokumentieren. Daneben helfen objektive und aktuelle Indikatoren, Mandatsträger und Bürger für den „Flächenverbrauch“ zu sensibilisieren und einen Bewusstseinswandel für die Notwendigkeit eines sparsamen Umgangs mit den Ressourcen Boden und Fläche herbeizuführen. Für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung ist es notwendig, sich vom sektoralen Vorgehen abzuwenden und die verschiedenen Umweltaspekte, zu denen beispielsweise die Energie- und Klimapolitik, die Verkehrspolitik und der Lärmschutz, der Arten- und Biotopschutz sowie der Grund- und Hochwasserschutz gehören, in ein Gesamtkonzept nachhaltiger Entwicklung einzubinden und umzusetzen. Die Umweltindikatoren sind dabei eine wesentliche Entscheidungshilfe.Local and regional development processes impact greatly on the environment. However, in the majority of cases these impacts and compliance with environmentalquality targets are not verified in terms of specific characteristics. In particular, too little use has been made to date of indicators on environmental quality in respect of the successful achievement of the goals associated with spatial-planning processes. With Bavaria’s environmental indicator system there is now a validated concept available with a broad range of applications – from spatial observation to controlling – for assessing the environmental impact of development processes. More intensive use should be made of this system, particularly at the local and regional levels. For certain topic areas, such as “reducing land consumption”, there is still a need for supplementary indicators to be determined at the local-authority level (existing and exploitable potential for development within built-up areas). In many cases these are the technical prerequisites to gathering the robust data needed to be able to document implementation within procedures to weigh conflicting interests and in consent procedures. Moreover, objective and up-to-date indicators also help to alert both elected representatives and citizens to the problem of “land consumption”, and to bring about a shift in awareness regarding the need for the sparing consumption of land resources. Sustainable development calls for the abandoning of purely sectoral approaches and for the various aspects of the environment (including, for example, energy and climate policy, transport policy and noise protection, flora and fauna and habitat protection, and ground-water and flood protection) to be incorporated and implemented within an overarching strategy for sustainable development. Environmental indicators are a major aid in decision-making processes

The inverse relationship between solar-induced fluorescence yield and photosynthetic capacity: Benefits for field phenotyping

Improving photosynthesis is considered a promising way to increase crop yield to feed a growing population. Realizing this goal requires non-destructive techniques to quantify photosynthetic variation among crop cultivars. Despite existing remote sensing-based approaches, it remains a question whether solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) can facilitate screening crop cultivars of improved photosynthetic capacity in plant breeding trials. Here we tested a hypothesis that SIF yield rather than SIF had a better relationship with the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax). Time-synchronized hyperspectral images and irradiance spectra of sunlight under clear-sky conditions were combined to estimate SIF and SIF yield, which were then correlated with ground-truth Vcmax and Jmax. With observations binned over time (i.e. group 1: 6, 7, and 12 July 2017; group 2: 31 July and 18 August 2017; and group 3: 24 and 25 July 2018), SIF yield showed a stronger negative relationship, compared with SIF, with photosynthetic variables. Using SIF yield for Jmax (Vcmax) predictions, the regression analysis exhibited an R2 of 0.62 (0.71) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 11.88 (46.86) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 1, an R2 of 0.85 (0.72) and RMSE of 13.51 (49.32) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 2, and an R2 of 0.92 (0.87) and RMSE of 15.23 (30.29) μmol m-2 s-1 for group 3. The combined use of hyperspectral images and irradiance measurements provides an alternative yet promising approach to characterization of photosynthetic parameters at plot level

Introduction

This first chapter serves as the reader’s initial orientation to the general layout of the present work. It begins by thematizing the ineffable dynamism and complexity of the term religion as signifier. Contrary to the long-reigning secularization thesis, this single term remains deeply entrenched in a broad spectrum of discursive frameworks, traversing both popular social imaginaries as well as academic disciplinary divides. Amid this constant state of flux, one can only say with certainty that religion is here to stay. In spite of this complexity, the present edition proposes a way forward, offering a cross-section of some of these fascinating developments via an introductory interview and four thematically-organized sections; Part I: Religion, Gender, Body and Aesthetics – Stagnation or Change in the Authority over Religious Knowledge Production, Part II: Religion, Economics and Development – Interaction of Discursive Spheres; Part III: Theological and Religious Knwoledge Production: Overcoming the Dichotomy between Inside and Outside Perspective(s) on Religion; and IV: Religion, Politics, Power – Decentered Analyses

Emerging approaches to measure photosynthesis from the leaf to the ecosystem

Measuring photosynthesis is critical for quantifying and modeling leaf to regional scale productivity of managed and natural ecosystems. This review explores existing and novel advances in photosynthesis measurements that are certain to provide innovative directions in plant science research. First, we address gas exchange approaches from leaf to ecosystem scales. Leaf level gas exchange is a mature method but recent improvements to the user interface and environmental controls of commercial systems have resulted in faster and higher quality data collection. Canopy chamber and micrometeorological methods have also become more standardized tools and have an advanced understanding of ecosystem functioning under a changing environment and through long time series data coupled with community data sharing. Second, we review proximal and remote sensing approaches to measure photosynthesis, including hyperspectral reflectance- A nd fluorescence-based techniques. These techniques have long been used with aircraft and orbiting satellites, but lower-cost sensors and improved statistical analyses are allowing these techniques to become applicable at smaller scales to quantify changes in the underlying biochemistry of photosynthesis. Within the past decade measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence from earth-orbiting satellites have measured Solar Induced Fluorescence (SIF) enabling estimates of global ecosystem productivity. Finally, we highlight that stronger interactions of scientists across disciplines will benefit our capacity to accurately estimate productivity at regional and global scales. Applying the multiple techniques outlined in this review at scales from the leaf to the globe are likely to advance understanding of plant functioning from the organelle to the ecosystem

The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: From enzymes to ecosystems

As global land surface temperature continues to rise and heatwave events increase in frequency, duration, and/or intensity, our key food and fuel cropping systems will likely face increased heat-related stress. A large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat. This review discusses (i) how crop photosynthesis changes with temperature at the enzymatic scale within the leaf; (ii) how stomata and plant transport systems are affected by temperature; (iii) what features make a plant susceptible or tolerant to elevated temperature and heat stress; and (iv) how these temperature and heat effects compound at the ecosystem scale to affect crop yields. Throughout the review, we identify current advancements and future research trajectories that are needed to make our cropping systems more resilient to rising temperature and heat stress, which are both projected to occur due to current global fossil fuel emissions

Plot-level rapid screening for photosynthetic parameters using proximal hyperspectral imaging

Photosynthesis is currently measured using time-laborious and/or destructive methods which slows research and breeding efforts to identify crop germplasm with higher photosynthetic capacities. We present a plot-level screening tool for quantification of photosynthetic parameters and pigment contents that utilizes hyperspectral reflectance from sunlit leaf pixels collected from a plot (∼2 m×2 m) in c,max, R2=0.79) maximum electron transport rate in given conditions (J1800, R2=0.59), maximal light-saturated photosynthesis (Pmax, R2=0.54), chlorophyll content (R2=0.87), the Chl a/b ratio (R2=0.63), carbon content (R2=0.47), and nitrogen content (R2=0.49). Model predictions did not improve when using two cameras spanning 400-1800 nm, suggesting a robust, widely applicable and more 'cost-effective' pipeline requiring only a single VNIR camera. The analysis pipeline and methods can be used in any cropping system with modified species-specific PLSR analysis to offer a high-throughput field phenotyping screening for germplasm with improved photosynthetic performance in field trials.</p

A guide to photosynthetic gas exchange measurements:Fundamental principles, best practice and potential pitfalls

Gas exchange measurements enable mechanistic insights into the processes that underpin carbon and water fluxes in plant leaves which in turn inform understanding of related processes at a range of scales from individual cells to entire ecosytems. Given the importance of photosynthesis for the global climate discussion it is important to (a) foster a basic understanding of the fundamental principles underpinning the experimental methods used by the broad community, and (b) ensure best practice and correct data interpretation within the research community. In this review, we outline the biochemical and biophysical parameters of photosynthesis that can be investigated with gas exchange measurements and we provide step‐by‐step guidance on how to reliably measure them. We advise on best practices for using gas exchange equipment and highlight potential pitfalls in experimental design and data interpretation. The Supporting Information contains exemplary data sets, experimental protocols and data‐modelling routines. This review is a community effort to equip both the experimental researcher and the data modeller with a solid understanding of the theoretical basis of gas‐exchange measurements, the rationale behind different experimental protocols and the approaches to data interpretation

The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: from enzymes to ecosystems.

As global land surface temperature continues to rise and heatwave events increase in frequency, duration, and/or intensity, our key food and fuel cropping systems will likely face increased heat-related stress. A large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat. This review discusses (i) how crop photosynthesis changes with temperature at the enzymatic scale within the leaf; (ii) how stomata and plant transport systems are affected by temperature; (iii) what features make a plant susceptible or tolerant to elevated temperature and heat stress; and (iv) how these temperature and heat effects compound at the ecosystem scale to affect crop yields. Throughout the review, we identify current advancements and future research trajectories that are needed to make our cropping systems more resilient to rising temperature and heat stress, which are both projected to occur due to current global fossil fuel emissions