Escutar vozes : da qualificação da experiência ao cuidado na clínica em saúde mental

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, 2017.Este trabalho tem como tema o fenômeno da alucinação auditiva, considerada pelo horizonte biomédico ocidental moderno como um sintoma de transtorno mental. O enfoque psicopatológico tradicional, presente no sistema público de saúde mental, privilegia o tratamento medicamentoso, e muitas vezes esse tratamento prescinde de uma lida que trabalhe o contexto vivencial, o qual contribuiu para que o sofrimento grave tomasse lugar na existência das pessoas. Mesmo seguindo as prescrições médicas e frequentando as atividades previstas no plano terapêutico, muitas delas continuam escutando vozes, e relatam efeitos colaterais que restringem algumas de suas possibilidades de vir a ser. Desse modo, este estudo se justifica pela necessidade de problematização de uma lógica de cuidado que entende a audição de vozes como sinal de transtorno mental, e que visa a remissão dos sintomas como foco do tratamento. Sem privilegiar outras alternativas de acompanhamento, alguns dos pressupostos da Lei da Saúde Mental de nosso país acabam não sendo seguidos. Além desses aspectos, pesquisas internacionais apontam taxas elevadas de pessoas que escutam vozes na população geral de alguns países, e que não necessariamente realizam tratamento em saúde mental, bem como formas de tratamento eficazes e alternativas à medicalização. Considerando essas questões, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar a experiência da audição de vozes para além do signo “alucinação auditiva”, tal como tem sido compreendido pela perspectiva biomédica, bem como pensar em formas de acolhimento do fenômeno. Para isso, criou-se um grupo psicoterapêutico específico para o cuidado da alucinação auditiva, em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) de uma capital brasileira, e dividiu-se esta dissertação em três artigos. O primeiro deles teve como objetivo problematizar a noção da alucinação como sintoma de doença mental, através de uma contextualização histórica e cultural sobre o fenômeno. O segundo artigo teve o objetivo de analisar as vivências de pessoas que escutam vozes. Para tanto, foram entrevistadas seis mulheres e quatro homens, e a transcrição das entrevistas foi submetida a uma análise de conteúdo. Observou-se que dimensões como a origem e características das vozes, estratégias de lida e suporte familiar, são importantes de serem trabalhados pelos profissionais. No terceiro artigo, buscou-se narrar e refletir sobre as experiências do grupo criado para esta pesquisa no CAPS. Para isso, foram analisados diários de campo confeccionados ao longo dos dezoito meses de funcionamento do grupo. Além de técnicas de manejo que foram utilizadas pelo facilitador, tal artigo apresentou ganhos terapêuticos decorrentes das trocas realizadas entre os integrantes do grupo. Recomenda-se a adoção de grupos nesse formato, para que os serviços de saúde ampliem a capacidade de cuidado. A partir da síntese dos três artigos, conclui-se que é fundamental entendermos que a lógica biomédica é apenas uma possibilidade de compreensão da alucinação. Além disso, há necessidade de que se criem outras formas de lida com o fenômeno, a fim de proporcionar uma maior qualidade de vida e de suporte para ouvidores de vozes, e contribuir não só para a concretização da reforma psiquiátrica brasileira, como para a transformação do estigma da loucura.This work has as its theme the phenomenon of auditory hallucination, considered by the modern western biomedical horizon as a symptom of mental disorder. The traditional psychopathological approach, present in the mental health public system, privileges the treatment with medicine, which often dispenses a work that deals with the experiential context, that contributed to the process of illness. Even following the medical prescriptions and attending the activities planned in the therapeutic plan, many of them continue to listen to voices, and report side effects that restrict some of their possibilities of being. In this way, this study is justified by the need to problematize a care logic that understands the hearing of voices as a sign of mental disorder, and that aims to the remission of symptoms as the focus of treatment. Without favoring other follow-up alternatives, some of the assumptions of the Mental Health Law of our country are not followed. In addition to these aspects, international surveys point to high rates of people who listen to voices in the general population of some countries, who do not necessarily perform mental health treatment, as well as effective and alternative forms of treatment in replacement of medicalization. Considering these questions, the general objective of this dissertation was to investigate the experience of hearing voices beyond the sign "auditory hallucination", as understood by the biomedical perspective, as well as to think of ways of welcoming the phenomenon. For this, a specific psychotherapeutic group was created for the care of the auditory hallucination, in a Psychosocial Attention Center (CAPS) of a Brazilian capital, and this dissertation was divided in three articles. The first one aimed to problematize the notion of hallucination as a symptom of mental illness, through a historical and cultural contextualization about the phenomenon. The second article had the objective of analyze the experiences of people who hear voices. Six women and four men were interviewed, and the transcription of the interviews was submitted to a content analysis. It was observed that dimensions such as the origin and characteristics of voices, coping strategies and family support are important for professionals to work with. In the third article, we sought to describe and reflect about the experiences of the group created for this research in the CAPS. To this end, we analyzed field diaries made during the eighteen months of operation of the group. In addition to psychotherapeutic techniques that were used by the facilitator, this article presented therapeutic factors resulting from the exchanges between the members of the group. It is recommended to the health services to adopt groups in this format to increase the capacity of care. From the synthesis of the three articles, it is concluded that it is fundamental to understand that biomedical logic is only a possibility of understanding the hallucination. In addition, it´s necessary to create other ways of dealing with the phenomenon, in order to provide a higher quality of life and support for voice hearers, and contribute not only to the realization of the Brazilian psychiatric reform, but also to the transformation of the stigma of madness

Hybrid Model For Word Prediction Using Naive Bayes and Latent Information

Historically, the Natural Language Processing area has been given too much attention by many researchers. One of the main motivation beyond this interest is related to the word prediction problem, which states that given a set words in a sentence, one can recommend the next word. In literature, this problem is solved by methods based on syntactic or semantic analysis. Solely, each of these analysis cannot achieve practical results for end-user applications. For instance, the Latent Semantic Analysis can handle semantic features of text, but cannot suggest words considering syntactical rules. On the other hand, there are models that treat both methods together and achieve state-of-the-art results, e.g. Deep Learning. These models can demand high computational effort, which can make the model infeasible for certain types of applications. With the advance of the technology and mathematical models, it is possible to develop faster systems with more accuracy. This work proposes a hybrid word suggestion model, based on Naive Bayes and Latent Semantic Analysis, considering neighbouring words around unfilled gaps. Results show that this model could achieve 44.2% of accuracy in the MSR Sentence Completion Challenge

Mapping the sensitivity of split ring resonators using a localized analyte

Split ring resonator (SRR) based metamaterials have frequently been demonstrated for use as optical sensors of organic materials. This is made possible by matching the wavelength of the SRR plasmonic resonance with a molecular resonance of a specific analyte, which is usually placed on top of the metal structure. However, systematic studies of SRRs that identify the regions that exhibit a high electric field strength are commonly performed using simulations. In this paper we demonstrate that areas of high electric field strength, termed “hot-spots,” can be found by localizing a small quantity of organic analyte at various positions on or near the structure. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the SRR to the localized analyte can be quantified to determine, experimentally, suitable regions for optical sensing

The heterotic G2\rm{G}_2 system on contact Calabi--Yau 77-manifolds

We obtain non-trivial solutions to the heterotic $\rm{G}_2$ system, which are defined on the total spaces of non-trivial circle bundles over Calabi--Yau $3$-orbifolds. By adjusting the $S^1$ fibres in proportion to a power of the string constant $\alpha'$, we obtain a cocalibrated $\rm{G}_2$-structure the torsion of which realises an arbitrary constant (trivial) dilaton field and an $H$-flux with nontrivial Chern--Simons defect. We find examples of connections on the tangent bundle and a non-flat $\rm{G}_2$-instanton induced from the horizontal Calabi--Yau metric which satisfy together the anomaly-free condition, also known as the heterotic Bianchi identity. The connections on the tangent bundle are $\rm{G}_2$-instantons up to higher order corrections in $\alpha'$

Larval abundance patterns of Carcinus-Maenas (Decapoda, Brachyura) in Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)

Larval stages of Carcinus maenas (L.) were intensively sampled in the Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) during 2 lunar months: February 12 to March 11 and May 9 to June 7, 1990. Each sampling period included fifteen 25 h fixed-station sampling cycles beginning at intervals of 4 tide cycles. Within each 25 h sampling cycle, plankton samples were collected hourly at several depths using a pump. Analysis of the data from these sampling periods indicated tidal and diel cycles of abundance of first stage C. maenas larvae. A semilunar component was also identified. These patterns were expressed as peaks of abundance during ebb tides, with highest peaks during nocturnal neap ebb tides around the first and last quarters of the moon. Peaks of nocturnal abundance could occur at any time during the night but consistently followed high water. In contrast, megalopae were present in the samples primarily during nocturnal flood tides. Intermediate zoeal stages of C. maenas were not collected. As indicated by an analysis of variance, the main effects of phases of the tide and day on the abundance of first zoeae and megalopae were significant (p < 0.05). These results provide evidence that a component with semilunar periodicity is associated with the release of C. maenas larvae. That the release activity occurs well after sunset is also an additional interesting feature of these observations, inasmuch as larval release in decapods is usually concentrated within the first few hours after dusk. These observations support earlier observations that it is the time during the day-night cycle of high tide, as opposed to tidal amplitude, which is the important factor promoting synchrony with the lunar cycle

Vertical migration of the crab Carcinus maenas first zoea in an estuary: implications for tidal stream transport

The first zoea of Carcinus maenas (L.) was intensively sampled in the Canal de Mira (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal) during the winter and spring of 1990. Each sampling period included a series of 25 h fixed-station plankton sampling cycles (12 in winter and 9 in spring), conducted at 1 station located in the lower part of the Canal. Plankton samples were collected every hour, at several depths along the water column, with the use of a pump. Hydrological measurements (salinity, temperature and current velocity and direction) were taken immediately before the collection of the plankton samples. The average depth of the zoeae changed in phase with the tide: larvae reached their highest position in the water column during ebb and their lowest during flood. The extent and phasing of the vertical displacements were such that the first zoea occupied a significantly higher position during the span of the ebb than during flood (p < 0.001). It was also demonstrated that the larvae were significantly closer to the surface during the night (p < 0.05). The pattern of vertical dispersion of the zoeae changed cyclically, with a period equivalent to the tidal half-cycle. Maximum aggregation usually occurred during periods of high current velocity and was independent from water stratification. These observations support the hypothesis that C. maenas first zoea performs an active vertical migration synchronised with tidal and daily cycles. Analysis of the zoeae instantaneous velocity showed that shifts of vertical position according to the phases of tide and day influenced their transport velocity, due to vertical differences of water velocity in the estuarine shear current system. During ebb the larvae were transported at a velocity that exceeded the vertically integrated water velocity; the reverse relationship was observed during flood (p < 0.001). The larvae were also transported faster during the night than during the day (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that selective tidal stream transport can be generalised in the sense of a unidirectional transport mechanism in estuaries that can enhance exportation

Influence of recycled plastics on the mechanical behaviour of bituminous mistures for highway surface layers

Europe is one of the largest producers of plastics in the world, with an annual turnover of over 350 billion euros, making it a strategic industrial sector as the global consumption of plastics increases. However, plastic is nowadays considered a serious environmental problem as it represents a large share of the world’s waste generation, with Europe being one of the largest sources of plastic waste exports. Therefore, the transition to a circular economy for plastics must be driven by Europe in order not to jeopardize the economic and environmental future of the plastics sector on the continent. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the feasibility of using recycled plastics in different applications, especially in the three main end-use markets for plastics (packaging, construction and automotive). In the construction sector, the use of plastics in road and highway construction and rehabilitation is currently being investigated due to the high potential for high-value applications and high raw material consumption. However, more knowledge is needed to make recycled plastic a common solution for road surfacing. The current study was promoted by BRISA, which was ranked the most sustainable highway operator in Europe for the third time in 2021. It aims to contribute to European efforts to investigate the feasibility (ongoing study: mechanical, functional, and environmental laboratory and field evaluation) of using recycled plastic in the production of bituminous mixtures for highway pavements in Portugal, without limiting the recyclability of bituminous mixtures. The present work focuses on the influence of recycled plastics on the water sensitivity and deformation susceptibility of bituminous mixtures under load. To perform the experimental study, the following materials were used: two bituminous mixtures with different types of coarse and fine aggregates (granodiorites and granites); a bitumen (PMB 45/80-65); a filler (limestone); and five recycled plastic additives (mainly consisting of LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE and PP, which represent about 50% of the plastics produced in Europe). The results were statistically analysed together with results of other studies on the volumetric and Marshall properties of the specimens. The results show an overall improvement in resistance to permanent deformation, without a significant benefit in water resistance. However, efforts to validate performance regarding fatigue, ageing resistance, pollutant emissions during production, placement and in service pavements are ongoing. In the statistical analysis, the ratio between binder film thickness and porosity (BFT/Vv) showed a statistically significant strong correlation with the performance indicators for resistance to permanent deformation.info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio

Bioenergy routes for valorizing constructed wetland vegetation: An overview

Valorizing constructed wetlands vegetation into biofuels can be a way to contribute to mitigating the increasing energy demand, avoiding the use of arable land, freshwater, and fertilizers consumption, while simultaneously treating wastewater with eco-friendly technology. This work shortly overviews the main genera of wetland plants and the main routes of vegetal biomass conversion into biofuels including biochemical and thermochemical processes, and through a cross-search, in the Scopus database, the research intensity in bioenergy application for each genus was assessed. A total of 283 genera of wetland plants were identified and classified into five groups, from very common to very rare genera. The very common group includes 10 genera and contributes to 62% of the literature hits, while the 147 genera classified as very rare contribute to only 3% of the hits. Concerning the bioenergy applications, four genera stand out from the remaining. The plants of the genus Sorghum are the most referred to in bioenergy applications, followed by the genera Brassica, Miscanthus, and Saccharum. Miscanthus is a less common wetland plant, while the other genera are rarely applied in constructed wetlands. The relevance of bioenergy routes depends on the plants' group. For common wetland plants, the most relevant applications are biogas production, followed by bio-ethanol production, and pyrolysis processing. As a recommendation for future research works the genera with high energy potential should be evaluated as wetland vegetation, and it is recommended that the goal to recover wetland vegetation for bioenergy applications be viewed as an integral step of the design and implementation of constructed wetlands facilities.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio