12 research outputs found

    Real-Time Performance of Industrial IoT Communication Technologies: A Review

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    With the growing need for automation and the ongoing merge of OT and IT, industrial networks have to transport a high amount of heterogeneous data with mixed criticality such as control traffic, sensor data, and configuration messages. Current advances in IT technologies furthermore enable a new set of automation scenarios under the roof of Industry 4.0 and IIoT where industrial networks now have to meet new requirements in flexibility and reliability. The necessary real-time guarantees will place significant demands on the networks. In this paper, we identify IIoT use cases and infer real-time requirements along several axes before bridging the gap between real-time network technologies and the identified scenarios. We review real-time networking technologies and present peer-reviewed works from the past 5 years for industrial environments. We investigate how these can be applied to controllers, systems, and embedded devices. Finally, we discuss open challenges for real-time communication technologies to enable the identified scenarios. The review shows academic interest in the field of real-time communication technologies but also highlights a lack of a fixed set of standards important for trust in safety and reliability, especially where wireless technologies are concerned.Comment: IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2023 | Journal article DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.333250

    Bounding the End-to-End Execution Time in Distributed Real-Time Systems: Arguing the case for Deterministic Networks in Lingua Franca

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    Designing and implementing distributed systems with real-time requirements quickly reveal the complexity of handling time and logic across multiple systems. As data traverse a network, it is subjected to variable delay due to interfering traffic and variable load on network components. This introduces an element of non-determinism in execution time for distributed algorithms, which translates into increased error logic and pessimistic worst-case estimates. Over the next few years, it is expected that Cyber-Physical Systems will see many new use cases, and the network connecting these will play an ever more important role. Combined with the onset of the fourth industrial revolution, IEEEs Time Sensitive Networking, IETFs Deterministic Networking, and 3GPPs Ultra Reliable Low Latency profile will play a vital role in realizing these systems. Coordination languages such as Lingua Franca can offer a substantial contribution to the design process and implementation of distributed systems such as Cyber-Phyiscal Systems, both through its model of computation which elevates time to a first-class citizen and with its support for distributed models. In this paper, we show that by introducing deterministic network channels with a fixed delay, the worst-case execution time is not increased whereas the variance in total execution time from start to finish is greatly reduced. For a coordination language such as LF, this means that we can analyze a system using much tighter delay bounds for network traffic, which in turn can yield better resource utilization.publishedVersio

    Restaurantbransjen og gjester etter Covid-19

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    Covid-19 pandemien har rammet oss hardt, enkelte hardere enn andre. Restaurantbransjen ble pÄvirket hardt under pandemien med forskjellige restriksjoner. Derfor skal vi se nÊrmere pÄ hva som ble gjort av forskjellige tiltak som for eksempel take away, bestilling gjort med QRkode og kansellerings avgift. Hvordan fungerer disse faktorene? Har dette pÄvirket og endret gjestens mÄltidsopplevelse? I vÄr case studie har vi benyttet oss av relevante fagartikler og en spÞrreundersÞkelse for Ä besvare vÄr problemstilling. VÄr problemstilling er: Har covid-19 pÄvirket restaurantbransjen og gjestenes vaner? Resultatene vi fikk var interessante ved at det er tydelige trender etter pandemien. Noen av svarene var som forventet, og noen av svarene viser en vesentlig splittelse blant respondentene. Analysen som ble gjort kan sette spÞrsmÄl som splittelse blant respondenten, men samtidig kan vi se en tendens til generalisering.The Covid-19 pandemic has hit us hard, some harder than others. The restaurant industry was severely affected during the pandemic with various restrictions. Therefore, we will take a closer look at what was done by various measures such as take away, order made with QR code and cancellation fee. How do these factors work? Has this affected and changed the guest's meal experience? In our case study, we have used relevant professional articles and a questionnaire to answer our problem. Our problem is: Has covid-19 affected the restaurant industry and guests' habits? The results we got were interesting in that there are clear trends after the pandemic. Some of the responses were as expected, and some of the responses show a significant split among the respondents. The analysis that was done may raise questions such as division among the respondent, but at the same time we can see a tendency towards generalization

    Restaurantbransjen og gjester etter covid-19

    Get PDF
    Covid-19 pandemien har rammet oss hardt, enkelte hardere enn andre. Restaurantbransjen ble pÄvirket hardt under pandemien med forskjellige restriksjoner. Derfor skal vi se nÊrmere pÄ hva som ble gjort av forskjellige tiltak som for eksempel take away, bestilling gjort med QRkode og kansellerings avgift. Hvordan fungerer disse faktorene? Har dette pÄvirket og endret gjestens mÄltidsopplevelse? I vÄr case studie har vi benyttet oss av relevante fagartikler og en spÞrreundersÞkelse for Ä besvare vÄr problemstilling. VÄr problemstilling er: Har covid-19 pÄvirket restaurantbransjen og gjestenes vaner? Resultatene vi fikk var interessante ved at det er tydelige trender pandemien. Noen av svarene var som forventet, og noen av svarene viser en vesentlig splittelse blant respondentene. Analysen som ble gjort kan sette spÞrsmÄl som splittelse blant respondenten, men samtidig kan vi se en tendens til generalisering.The Covid-19 pandemic has hit us hard, some harder than others. The restaurant industry was severely affected during the pandemic with various restrictions. Therefore, we will take a closer look at what was done by various measures such as take away, order made with QR code and cancellation fee. How do these factors work? Has this affected and changed the guest's meal experience? In our case study, we have used relevant professional articles and a questionnaire to answer our problem. Our problem is: Has covid-19 affected the restaurant industry and guests' habits? The results we got were interesting in that there are clear trends after the pandemic. Some of the responses were as expected, and some of the responses show a significant split among the respondents. The analysis that was done may raise questions such as division among the respondent, but at the same time we can see a tendency towards generalization

    Restaurant bransjen og gjester etter Covid-19

    Get PDF
    Covid-19 pandemien har rammet oss hardt, enkelte hardere enn andre. Restaurantbransjen ble pÄvirket hardt under pandemien med forskjellige restriksjoner. Derfor skal vi se nÊrmere pÄ hva som ble gjort av forskjellige tiltak som for eksempel take away, bestilling gjort med QR-kode og kansellerings avgift. Hvordan fungerer disse faktorene? Har dette pÄvirket og endret gjestens mÄltidsopplevelse? I vÄr case studie har vi benyttet oss av relevante fagartikler og en spÞrreundersÞkelse for Ä besvare vÄr problemstilling. VÄr problemstilling er: Har covid-19 pÄvirket restaurantbransjen og gjestenes vaner? Resultatene vi fikk var interessante ved at det er tydelige trender etter pandemien. Noen av svarene var som forventet, og noen av svarene viser en vesentlig splittelse blant respondentene. Analysen som ble gjort kan sette spÞrsmÄl som splittelse blant respondenten, men samtidig kan vi se en tendens til generalisering.The Covid-19 pandemic has hit us hard, some harder than others. The restaurant industry was severely affected during the pandemic with various restrictions. Therefore, we will take a closer look at what was done by various measures such as take away, order made with QR code and cancellation fee. How do these factors work? Has this affected and changed the guest's meal experience? In our case study, we have used relevant professional articles and a questionnaire to answer our problem. Our problem is: Has covid-19 affected the restaurant industry and guests' habits? The results we got were interesting in that there are clear trends after the pandemic. Some of the responses were as expected, and some of the responses show a significant split among the respondents. The analysis that was done may raise questions such as division among the respondent, but at the same time we can see a tendency towards generalization

    A Multicore-aware Deadline-driven Real-Time Scheduler for the Linux Kernel

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    Design and implementation of a multicore scheduler for the Linux kernel. Specifically look at the pfair global algorithm, a ratebased deadline driven scheduler that is near-optimal on multicore platform

    net_chan: Deterministic network channels for distributed real-time systems

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    Network Channels (net_chan) is an open-source library that provides a network construct for deterministic channels between systems in distributed systems. net_chan is built to harness the Quality of Service guarantees offered by Time Sensitive Networking and the clock accuracy provided by the Precision Time Protocol. The software provides a simple and intuitive API for building distributed systems over packet-switched networks. When run on a system with a deterministic Linux kernel, the system provides an accurate synchronization mechanism between applications running on different hosts

    Restaurant bransjen og gjester etter Covid-19

    No full text
    Covid-19 pandemien har rammet oss hardt, enkelte hardere enn andre. Restaurantbransjen ble pÄvirket hardt under pandemien med forskjellige restriksjoner. Derfor skal vi se nÊrmere pÄ hva som ble gjort av forskjellige tiltak som for eksempel take away, bestilling gjort med QR-kode og kansellerings avgift. Hvordan fungerer disse faktorene? Har dette pÄvirket og endret gjestens mÄltidsopplevelse? I vÄr case studie har vi benyttet oss av relevante fagartikler og en spÞrreundersÞkelse for Ä besvare vÄr problemstilling. VÄr problemstilling er: Har covid-19 pÄvirket restaurantbransjen og gjestenes vaner? Resultatene vi fikk var interessante ved at det er tydelige trender etter pandemien. Noen av svarene var som forventet, og noen av svarene viser en vesentlig splittelse blant respondentene. Analysen som ble gjort kan sette spÞrsmÄl som splittelse blant respondenten, men samtidig kan vi se en tendens til generalisering

    Restaurantbransjen og gjester etter Covid-19

    Get PDF
    Covid-19 pandemien har rammet oss hardt, enkelte hardere enn andre. Restaurantbransjen ble pÄvirket hardt under pandemien med forskjellige restriksjoner. Derfor skal vi se nÊrmere pÄ hva som ble gjort av forskjellige tiltak som for eksempel take away, bestilling gjort med QRkode og kansellerings avgift. Hvordan fungerer disse faktorene? Har dette pÄvirket og endret gjestens mÄltidsopplevelse? I vÄr case studie har vi benyttet oss av relevante fagartikler og en spÞrreundersÞkelse for Ä besvare vÄr problemstilling. VÄr problemstilling er: Har covid-19 pÄvirket restaurantbransjen og gjestenes vaner? Resultatene vi fikk var interessante ved at det er tydelige trender etter pandemien. Noen av svarene var som forventet, og noen av svarene viser en vesentlig splittelse blant respondentene. Analysen som ble gjort kan sette spÞrsmÄl som splittelse blant respondenten, men samtidig kan vi se en tendens til generalisering

    Restaurantbransjen og gjester etter covid-19

    No full text
    Covid-19 pandemien har rammet oss hardt, enkelte hardere enn andre. Restaurantbransjen ble pÄvirket hardt under pandemien med forskjellige restriksjoner. Derfor skal vi se nÊrmere pÄ hva som ble gjort av forskjellige tiltak som for eksempel take away, bestilling gjort med QRkode og kansellerings avgift. Hvordan fungerer disse faktorene? Har dette pÄvirket og endret gjestens mÄltidsopplevelse? I vÄr case studie har vi benyttet oss av relevante fagartikler og en spÞrreundersÞkelse for Ä besvare vÄr problemstilling. VÄr problemstilling er: Har covid-19 pÄvirket restaurantbransjen og gjestenes vaner? Resultatene vi fikk var interessante ved at det er tydelige trender pandemien. Noen av svarene var som forventet, og noen av svarene viser en vesentlig splittelse blant respondentene. Analysen som ble gjort kan sette spÞrsmÄl som splittelse blant respondenten, men samtidig kan vi se en tendens til generalisering
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