A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation. Additionally, Machiavellianism appears negatively related to performance, though less so when type and orientation are taken into account.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Household costs and time to treatment for children with severe febrile illness in rural Burkina Faso: the role of rectal artesunate

UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland [Project ID number: Burkina Faso: A80553

The effects of value on context-item associative memory in younger and older adults.

Valuable items are often remembered better than items that are less valuable by both older and younger adults, but older adults typically show deficits in binding. Here, we examine whether value affects the quality of recognition memory and the binding of incidental details to valuable items. In Experiment 1, participants learned English words each associated with a point-value they earned for correct recognition with the goal of maximizing their score. In Experiment 2, value was manipulated by presenting items that were either congruent or incongruent with an imagined state of physiological need (e.g., hunger). In Experiment 1, point-value was associated with enhanced recollection in both age groups. Memory for the color associated with the word was in fact reduced for high-value recollected items compared with low-value recollected items, suggesting value selectively enhances binding of task-relevant details. In Experiment 2, memory for learned images was enhanced by value in both age groups. However, value differentially enhanced binding of an imagined context to the item in younger and older adults, with a strong trend for increased binding in younger adults only. These findings suggest that value enhances episodic encoding in both older and younger adults but that binding of associated details may be reduced for valuable items compared to less valuable items, particularly in older adults. (PsycINFO Database Recor

Recognizing What Matters: Value Improves Recognition by Selectively Enhancing Recollection.

We examined the effects of value on recognition by assessing its contribution to recollection and familiarity. In three experiments, participants studied English words, each associated with a point-value they would earn for correct recognition, with the goal of maximizing their score. In Experiment 1, participants provided Remember/Know judgments. In Experiment 2 participants indicated whether items were recollected or if not, their degree of familiarity along a 6-point scale. In Experiment 3, recognition of words was accompanied by a test of memory for incidental details. Across all experiments, participants were more likely to recognize items with higher point-value. Furthermore, value appeared to primarily enhance recollection, as effects on familiarity were small and not consistent across experiments. Recollection of high-value items appears to be accompanied by fewer incidental details, suggesting that value increases focus on items at the expense of irrelevant information

White matter integrity in brain structures supporting semantic processing is associated with value-directed remembering in older adults.

White matter microstructure changes substantially in aging. To better understand how the integrity of white matter structures supports the selective learning of rewarding material, 23 healthy older adults were tested on a value-directed remembering task. This task involved successive free recall word lists where items differed in importance, as denoted by value cues preceding each word. White matter structure was measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We found that greater structural integrity (as measured by lower mean diffusivity) in left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus was associated with greater recall for high-value items, but not low-value items. Older adults with greater structural integrity in a tract involved in semantic processing are thus able to more successfully encode high-value items for subsequent recall. However, unlike prior findings in younger adults, older adults' memory for high value-items was not significantly correlated with the structural integrity of the uncinate fasciculus, nor with the strength of anatomical connectedness between the bilateral nucleus accumbens to ventral tegmental area reward pathway. These structural imaging findings add support to recent functional neuroimaging demonstrations that value-related modulation of memory in older adults depends heavily on brain circuits implicated in controlled processing of semantic knowledge

Blastomycosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2010–2020

Background: Blastomycosis is an environmentally acquired fungal disease that can cause severe illness, with approximately 65% of reported cases requiring hospitalization. Recent trends in blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations in the United States have not been described. Methods: We analyzed hospital discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample. We calculated hospitalization rates per 100,000 population using U.S. census data and examined factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: An estimated 11,776 blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations occurred during 2010–2020 (average yearly rate 0.3 per 100,000 persons), with no apparent temporal trend. Rates were consistently highest among persons ≥65 years old and males. In-hospital death occurred in 7.9% and approximately doubled from 3.9% in 2010 to 8.5% in 2020. Older age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignancy were associated with mortality. Conclusions: Blastomycosis-associated hospitalizations can result in poor outcomes, underscoring the continued need for attention to early detection and treatment of blastomycosis and monitoring of disease trends

[Chesapeake Bay] Location of Surficial Sediment Samples

This digital image was produced in the Summer of 2012 by the Maryland State Archives (MSA) from the original map held by the Maryland Geological Survey (MGS). We are indebted to the staff of the MGS and MSA for helping us make this these images available.This map is Plate 2 from Kerhin, R.T. , “The Surficial Sediments of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland: Physical Characteristics and Sediment Budget”. Baltimore: Maryland Geological Survey, 1988 (Report of Investigations No. 48)

[Chesapeake Bay] Sulfur Content

This digital image was produced in the Summer of 2012 by the Maryland State Archives (MSA) from the original map held by the Maryland Geological Survey (MGS). We are indebted to the staff of the MGS and MSA for helping us make this these images available.This map is Plate 6 from Kerhin, R.T. , “The Surficial Sediments of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland: Physical Characteristics and Sediment Budget”. Baltimore: Maryland Geological Survey, 1988 (Report of Investigations No. 48)