Weekly Intra-Amniotic IGF-1 Treatment Increases Growth of Growth-Restricted Ovine Fetuses and Up-Regulates Placental Amino Acid Transporters

Frequent treatment of the growth-restricted (IUGR) ovine fetus with intra-amniotic IGF-1 increases fetal growth. We aimed to determine whether increased growth was maintained with an extended dosing interval and to examine possible mechanisms. Pregnant ewes were allocated to three groups: Control, and two IUGR groups (induced by placental embolization) treated with weekly intra-amniotic injections of either saline (IUGR) or 360 µg IGF-1 (IGF1). IUGR fetuses were hypoxic, hyperuremic, hypoglycemic, and grew more slowly than controls. Placental glucose uptake and SLC2A1 (GLUT2) mRNA levels decreased in IUGR fetuses, but SLC2A3 (GLUT3) and SLC2A4 (GLUT4) levels were unaffected. IGF-1 treatment increased fetal growth rate, did not alter uterine blood flow or placental glucose uptake, and increased placental SLC2A1 and SLC2A4 (but not SLC2A3) mRNA levels compared with saline-treated IUGR animals. Following IGF-1 treatment, placental mRNA levels of isoforms of the system A, y+, and L amino acid transporters increased 1.3 to 5.0 fold, while the ratio of phosphorylated-mTOR to total mTOR also tended to increase. Weekly intra-amniotic IGF-1 treatment provides a promising avenue for intra-uterine treatment of IUGR babies, and may act via increased fetal substrate supply, up-regulating placental transporters for neutral, cationic, and branched-chain amino acids, possibly via increased activation of the mTOR pathway

Primer and probe sequences and characteristics.

<p>Primer and probe sequences and characteristics.</p

mRNA levels for candidate genes in the placenta.

<p>Data are fold change (95% CI) relative to the control or IUGR group expressed as a ratio to the Bestkeeper index derived from three housekeeping genes (cyclophilin A, GAPDH and RPL19) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037899#pone.0037899-Pfaffl1" target="_blank">[36]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037899#pone.0037899-Pfaffl2" target="_blank">[37]</a>. First column: IUGR group compared with control; middle column: IGF1 group compared with Control; last column: IGF1 group compared with IUGR. Where 95% confidence intervals do not cross 1 the two groups are significantly different at the 5% level (shown by *, with ^†representing <i>p</i> = 0.05). Control (<i>n</i> = 11), IUGR (<i>n</i> = 9), and IGF1 (<i>n</i> = 7).</p

Fetal body measurements at postmortem (131 dGA).

<p>Values are mean±SEM. *<i>p</i>&lt;0.05, **<i>p</i>&lt;0.01 for comparison with Control. Control (<i>n</i> = 11), IUGR (<i>n</i> = 9), and IGF1 (<i>n</i> = 7).</p

Placental protein levels of glucose transporters 1 and 4 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).

<p>[A] SLC2A1 (GLUT1), [B] SLC2A4 (GLUT4), [C] total mTOR, [D] phosphorylated mTOR (phospho-mTOR), and [E] the ratio of phospho-mTOR to total mTOR. Data are relative optical densities (ROD, mean±SEM) of the protein of interest normalised to the ROD of the loading control (beta-actin). Black bar, control, <i>n</i> = 11; white bar, IUGR, <i>n</i> = 9; grey bar, IGF1, <i>n</i> = 7. Complete gels are shown, with all four gels for SLC2A1 and SLC2A4 and representative gels for mTOR and phospho mTOR. ^†<i>p</i> = 0.06 compared with IUGR.</p

Fetal and maternal arterial oxygen and hemoglobin concentrations.

<p>Data are means with SEM. <i>Emb</i> marks the start of the embolization period, which is indicated by the horizontal gray bar. At <i>T₁</i>, <i>T₂</i> and <i>T₃</i> the IUGR and IGF1 groups received either a saline or IGF-1 intra-amniotic injection, respectively. Hb  =  hemoglobin. ^*<i>p</i>&lt;0.05 and ^***<i>p</i>&lt;0.001 for IUGR vs. Control; ^†<i>p</i>&lt;0.05, ^††<i>p</i>&lt;0.01 and ^†††<i>p</i>&lt;0.001 for IGF1 vs. Control.</p

Fetal plasma concentrations of essential and non-essential amino acids during the embolization and treatment periods.

<p>Values are mean±SEM (µMol/L). *<i>p</i>&lt;0.05 and **<i>p</i>&lt;0.01 for comparison with Control, while †<i>p</i>&lt;0.05 for comparison with IUGR.</p