A simple model for estimation of snow/ice surface temperature of Antarctic ice sheet using remotely sensed thermal band data

In this paper a model has been developed to estimate surface temperature of Antarctic ice sheet using thermal bands of MODIS sensor images and in situ surface temperature measurements. The brightness temperature of snow/ice surface of Antarctica has been estimated for MODIS bands 31 and 32 using Planck’s spectral radiation equation. Split window technique has been used to develop the model from brightness temperature and automatic weather station recorded surface temperature. The model has been validated using in situ measurements of surface temperature of the ice sheet near Indian Antarctic Research Station ‘Maitri’. High coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) and low root mean square error (0.8°C) have been obtained between modeled and in situ recorded surface temperature. The model is easy to use and can generate the surface temperature maps at spatial resolution of 1.0 km. These maps can be useful in various glaciological, hydrological, climatological and ecological study of the ice sheet

Primary Intramedullary Spinal High-Grade Glioma: A Case Series with Review of Literature

Abstract Aashita Background Primary intramedullary high-grade glioma (HGG) and glioblastoma of spinal cord are uncommon tumors of central nervous system. Treatment recommendations are based on current guidelines of intracranial HGG and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Methods We retrospectively analyzed records of 9,686 patients who reported to our center over past 7 years. Only three cases of primary intramedullary HGG of spinal cord were found. Results In this article, we have reported three cases of primary intramedullary HGG of spinal cord. A comparison of intracranial and intramedullary spinal HGG and review of literature is presented. Conclusion Despite aggressive treatment using surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the survival rates are dismal. Emerging evidence has shown difference in biological behavior of intracranial and spinal HGG. Genetic studies to understand the biology and prospective studies are needed