35 research outputs found

    AvBD1 nucleotide polymorphisms, peptide antimicrobial activities and microbial colonisation of the broiler chicken gut

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    Abstract Background The importance of poultry as a global source of protein underpins the chicken genome and associated SNP data as key tools in selecting and breeding healthy robust birds with improved disease resistance. SNPs affecting host peptides involved in the innate defences tend to be rare, but three non-synonymous SNPs in the avian ÎČ-defensin (AvBD1) gene encoding the variant peptides NYH, SSY and NYY were identified that segregated specifically to three lines of commercial broiler chickens Line X (LX), Line Y(LY) and Line Z. The impacts of such amino acid changes on peptide antimicrobial properties were analysed in vitro and described in relation to the caecal microbiota and gut health of LX and LY birds. Results Time-kill and radial immune diffusion assays indicated all three peptides to have antimicrobial properties against gram negative and positive bacteria with a hierarchy of NYH > SSY > NYY. Calcein leakage assays supported AvBD1 NYH as the most potent membrane permeabilising agent although no significant differences in secondary structure were identified to explain this. However, distinct claw regions, identified by 3D modelling and proposed to play a key role in microbial membrane attachment, and permeation, were more distinct in the NYH model. In vivo AvBD1 synthesis was detected in the bird gut epithelia. Analyses of the caecal gut microbiota of young day 4 birds suggested trends in Lactobacilli sp. colonisation at days 4 (9% LX vs × 30% LY) and 28 (20% LX vs 12% LY) respectively, but these were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Amino acid changes altering the killing capacity of the AvBD1 peptide were associated with two different bird lines, but such changes did not impact significantly on caecal gut microbiota

    Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

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    Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

    Denna teori uppfattar Ulla som alltför enkel. Akademiska ord för gymnasieelever med svenska som andrasprÄk

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    Gymnasieelever med svenska som andrasprĂ„k möter i sin skolvardag ett alltmer abstraherande och akademiskt sprĂ„k. Det syns till exempel i hur ett mer komplext innehĂ„ll i det centrala innehĂ„llet i SVA-kurserna stĂ€lls mot ett sprĂ„kkriterium som framhĂ„ller att elevernas sprĂ„k inte skall begrĂ€nsa dem. I min uppsats har jag dĂ€rför velat undersöka vilka receptiva kunskaper gymnasieelever i Ă„r 2 pĂ„ gymnasiet, med svenska som andrasprĂ„k, har nĂ€r det gĂ€ller akademiska ord. Min utgĂ„ngspunkt för detta har varit att göra en undersökning utifrĂ„n ett ordtest dĂ€r eleverna via flervalsfrĂ„gor har fĂ„tt svara pĂ„ betydelsens hos ett akademiskt ord i en kontextskapande mening. För att kunna sĂ€kerstĂ€lla resultatet har samma test gjorts av en grupp L1-inlĂ€rare, som har fungerat som referensgrupp. De akademiska orden har valts frĂ„n En svensk akademisk ordlista. Resultatet visar att L2-eleverna generellt har goda receptiva kunskaper om de akademiska orden, men resultatet pĂ„visar ocksĂ„ en mycket stor spridning inom gruppen. Detta speglar ocksĂ„ gruppens sammansĂ€ttning som helhet, bland annat genom olikheter nĂ€r det gĂ€ller Ă„lder, Ă„r med svenskundervisning och att det i gruppen finns Ă„tta olika modersmĂ„l. I min uppsats har jag ocksĂ„ velat undersöka om ordklasstillhörigheten har betydelse för elevernas receptiva kunskap om ordet. Till skillnad frĂ„n L1-gruppen finns det en mycket stor spridning över samtliga testade ord utom tvĂ„, tolkas och tolkning. Det förefaller som att de ordklasserna substantiv och verb, Ă€r nĂ„got svĂ„rare för L2-eleverna Ă€n adjektiv, adverb, prepositioner och konjunktioner. NĂ€r det gĂ€ller nominaliseringar kontra verb i samma ordfamilj, verkar svĂ„righeten i högre grad bero pĂ„ abstraktionens svĂ„righet Ă€n ordklassen. En slutsats i uppsatsen Ă€r att variationsbredden i undersökningen pekar pĂ„ behovet en undervisning som tar hĂ€nsyn till den enskilda elevens receptiva ordförrĂ„d nĂ€r det gĂ€ller akademiska ord.Beteckning pĂ„ arbete: SSA136 15 hp Ämne: Svenska som andrasprĂ„k Termin: vt 2017 Handledare: Sofie Johansso

    Bland ikoner och gadgetar En undersökning av hjÀlptexten i operativsystemet Windows 7 ur ett lÀsbarhets- och begriplighetsperspektiv

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    Sverige Ă€r ett land med hög datortĂ€thet. Relationen mellan mĂ€nniska och dator Ă€r dĂ€rför nĂ„got som Ă€r essentiellt och pĂ„tagligt pĂ„ arbetsplatser och utbildande institutioner. För att datoranvĂ€ndaren skall kunna utnyttja datorn som arbetsredskap pĂ„ ett optimalt sĂ€tt mĂ„ste anvĂ€ndaren ocksĂ„ involvera sig sjĂ€lv i en sprĂ„klig kommunikation med det operativsystem som finns i datorn. De vanligaste operativsystemen bygger pĂ„ ett grafiskt anvĂ€ndargrĂ€nssnitt, dĂ€r anvĂ€ndaren interagerar med operativsystemet via en metaforisk skrivbordsmiljö. Undersökningen i uppsatsen utgĂ„r frĂ„n de hjĂ€lptexter som finns integrerade i ett av de vanligaste operativsystemen, nĂ€mligen Windows 7. Syftet med undersökningen Ă€r att undersöka hur den hjĂ€lptext som Ă€r integrerad i Windows 7 kommunicerar sitt innehĂ„ll till datoranvĂ€ndaren. DĂ€rför granskas hur denna hjĂ€lptext fungerar ur ett perspektiv som utgĂ„r frĂ„n begreppen ’lĂ€sbarhet’ och ’begriplighet’. Texten Ă„terfinns i Start-menyn under rubriken HjĂ€lp och support. Undersökningen utgĂ„r frĂ„n tre frĂ„gestĂ€llningar som utgĂ„r frĂ„n vilken betydelse lĂ€sarens genrekompetens, den interpersonella strukturen och den textuella strukturen kan ha för hur anvĂ€ndaren förstĂ„r och uppfattar hjĂ€lptexten. I reultatdelen lyfts anvĂ€ndarens genrekompetens fram som nĂ„got betydelsefullt för hur lĂ€saren kan uppfatta texten. HjĂ€lptexten anvĂ€nder i den interpersonella strukturen ett direkt tilltal till anvĂ€ndaren och avgrĂ€nsar textens deltagare pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt. I hjĂ€lptexten framstĂ€lls operativsystemet som en deltagare, vilket kan bero pĂ„ ett inflytande frĂ„n amerikanska texter. De metatextuella pĂ„stĂ„endena Ă€r tillika nĂ„got som kĂ€nnetecknar texten. I den textuella strukturen prĂ€glas hjĂ€lptexten av att den verbalt mĂ„ste Ă„terge det som skildras visuellt pĂ„ skĂ€rmen, men ocksĂ„ av att den mĂ„ste konkretisera skeenden som har abstrakta nivĂ„er. NĂ„got som karakteriserar manualen som genre Ă€r att texten mĂ„ste vara komprimerad, vilket tar sig uttryck i att sprĂ„kformen belastas med lĂ„nga sammansatta substantiv, verbalsubstantiv, sammansatta adjektiv, verbaladjektiv och sammansatta participformer. En annan företeelse som försvĂ„rar begripligheten i texten Ă€r sprĂ„kliga avvikelser som kan bottna i bristande korrekturlĂ€sning, som till exempel bildtexter pĂ„ norska. Dessutom förekommer varierande former av engelska uttryck. NĂ€r det gĂ€ller ’lĂ€sbarhet’ och ’begriplighet’ finns det utmaningar pĂ„ flera nivĂ„er i hjĂ€lptexten i Windows 7. Inte minst stĂ€ller hjĂ€lptexten krav pĂ„ anvĂ€ndarens förstĂ„else av enskilda ord och förstĂ„else av textens situationella tolkning. Slutligen mĂ„ste anvĂ€ndaren förstĂ„ vilka handlingar som texten försöker att instruera

    Design and implementation in major investments -- A project network approach

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    Many investments in modern society take place in project networks. This article proposes a project network approach for describing the design and implementation processes in major investments. The design process of major projects is "fuzzy", takes a long time, and is hard to capture. The implementation process, on the other hand, takes place in "semi-hierarchical" networks, and is easier to plan and control. The actor that controls the transformation of the political design process into the implementation process has a unique strategic position in the dynamically changing network. This means linking processes that are characterized by separate logic and network structures. Data from processes of design and implementation of three shopping malls illustrate the theoretical framework.Projects networks major investments processes

    Predictive energy management of hybrid long-haul trucks

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    This paper presents a novel predictive control scheme for energy management in hybrid trucks that drive autonomously on the highway. The proposed scheme uses information from GPS together with information about the speed limits along the planned route to schedule the charging and discharging of the battery, the vehicle speed, the gear, and when to turn off the engine and drive electrically. The proposed control scheme divides the predictive control problem into three layers that operate with different update frequencies and prediction horizons. The top layer plans the kinetic and electric energy in a convex optimization problem. In order to avoid a mixed-integer problem, the gear and the switching decision between hybrid and pure electric mode are optimized in a lower layer in a dynamic program whereas the lowest control layer only reacts on the current state and available references. The benefits of the proposed predictive control scheme are shown by simulations between Frankfurt and Koblenz. The simulations show that the predictive control scheme is able to significantly reduce the mechanical braking, resulting in fuel reductions of 4% when allowing an over and under speed of 5 km/h

    Convex optimization of charging infrastructure design and component sizing of a plug-in series HEV powertrain

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    With the topic of plug-in HEV city buses, this paper studies the highly coupled optimization problem of finding the most cost efficient compromise between investing in onboard electric powertrain components and installing a charging infrastructure along the bus line. The paper describes how convex optimization can be used to find the optimal battery sizing for a series HEV with fixed engine and generator unit and a fixed charging infrastructure along the bus line. The novelty of the proposed optimization approach is that both the battery sizing and the energy management strategy are optimized simultaneously by solving a convex problem. In the optimization approach the power haracteristics of the engine-generator unit are approximated by a convex, second order polynomial, and the convex battery model assumes quadratic losses. The paper also presents an example for a specific bus line, showing the dependence between the optimal battery sizing and the number of charging stations on the bus line
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