Histone modifications influence the action of Snf2 family remodelling enzymes by different mechanisms

AbstractAlteration of chromatin structure by chromatin modifying and remodelling activities is a key stage in the regulation of many nuclear processes. These activities are frequently interlinked, and many chromatin remodelling enzymes contain motifs that recognise modified histones. Here we adopt a peptide ligation strategy to generate specifically modified chromatin templates and used these to study the interaction of the Chd1, Isw2 and RSC remodelling complexes with differentially acetylated nucleosomes. Specific patterns of histone acetylation are found to alter the rate of chromatin remodelling in different ways. For example, histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation acts to increase recruitment of the RSC complex to nucleosomes. However, histone H4 tetra-acetylation alters the spectrum of remodelled products generated by increasing octamer transfer in trans. In contrast, histone H4 tetra-acetylation was also found to reduce the activity of the Chd1 and Isw2 remodelling enzymes by reducing catalytic turnover without affecting recruitment. These observations illustrate a range of different means by which modifications to histones can influence the action of remodelling enzymes

Political Elites in Federalized Countries: The Case of Spain (1980-2005). CES Working Paper, no. 146, 2008

This paper explores the social profile of the regional elite that has emerged in Spain since the de-mocratization and federalization of the country. For the first time, researchers present data about crucial variables like gender, place of birth, age, education, and profession. They make inter-regional comparisons, put their data on an international perspective, and try to explain some un-expected findings, such as the behavior of political elites in Catalonia and Castile-La Mancha. The authors compare also the social profile of MPs of the two largest parties and show that the gap between society and political elite has been reduced over the years. The paper offers a research agenda

Comparison of different preservation methods on the microbiological, texture and color properties of industrial bread during storage time

Consumption of bread made from preserved dough is increasing in bakeries, supermarkets and restaurants all around the world, because of the ease of producing freshly baked product, at any time of the day. Using preserved dough has advantages such as saving time, space, equipment and retailing expenses. The aim of this work was to study the behaviour of wheat bread dough during storage time under different preservation methods. Industrial wheat bread dough was packed into polyethylene bags (40g portions) and storage with partial vacuum (50%), modified atmosphere (MAP) (50%CO2/50%N2) and freezing (-35ºC). Samples were storage at 4ºC and -18ºC, during 15 and 60 days, for vacuum and MAP, and freezing, respectively. A control with air was also made to simulate industrial production. Dough and bread (dough was cooked in the oven at 200ºC during 11min) texture, color, moisture content, water activity and pH were determined. Samples were analysed over shelf life (0,1,2,4,8,15,30,60 days). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to determine statistically different values at a significant level of (p<0.05). Through the results obtained in the microbiological analysis it was concluded that dough and bread are according with the quality and food safety parameters required by Regulation (EC) No. 1441/2007 and the guidelines defined by the Health Protection Agency (HPA), presenting satisfactory quality in relation to the parameters analysed. Texture results showed that hardness of bread crumb and crust increased over storage time for air (control), vacuum and MAP conditions. On the contrary, hardness of samples, under freezing storage, remained constant until the end of time. The same behaviour was found for pH results. There were no significant differences in water activity and moisture content during storage time, regardless of the preservation method. Concerning color results, luminosity of dough and bread crumb decreased during storage time for all the conditions studied. It was concluded that wheat dough bread storage under freezing conditions could be a viable solution for the industry in order extend shelf-life, while assuring consumers a quality product at any time of the day, enabling greater efficiency to the bakeries.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

CENTRAL BANK INDEPENDENCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LINK BETWEEN THEM

This paper presents a simple Barro-Gordon type model to explain the link between central bank independence (CBI) and inflation. It then extends the model to examine the link between CBI and economic growth. Using an index of CBI created by Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti (1992) the paper empirically tests the link between CBI, investment and growth. This paper finds no evidence that CBI promotes investment or growth.This paper presents a simple Barro-Gordon type model to explain the link between central bank independence (CBI) and inflation. It then extends the model to examine the link between CBI and economic growth. Using an index of CBI created by Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti (1992) the paper empirically tests the link between CBI, investment and growth. This paper finds no evidence that CBI promotes investment or growth

Independência do Banco Central e Equilíbrio Fiscal: Algumas observações para o caso brasileiro

The objective of this paper is to analyze the main theoretical arguments for the analysis of the conduction of monetary policy on the fiscal side. Besides this, an analysis is made of the possible effects on the fiscal balance from the conduction of the monetary policy in the search for price stability after the Real Plan and due to an increase in the central bank independence (CBI) in the Brazilian case. The findings denote that the strategy for the conduction of the adopted monetary policy and the increase in the degree of CBI did not contribute to an improvement in the fiscal balance.central bank independence, inflation, public debt

METAS PARA INFLAÇÃO E VARIÁVEIS MACROECONÔMICAS: UMA AVALIAÇÃO EMPÍRICA

The main objective of this paper is to analyze if the adoption of inflation targeting implies changes in the behavior of several macroeconomic variables, especially in the unemployment rate. For this, empirical evidences based on a set of fourteen countries that adopted explicit inflation targeting are shown. Furthermore, a particular analysis for the Brazilian case through a VAR that considers the following variables: unemployment rate, Selic, inflation, industrial production, and inflation targeting credibility, is made. Among several findings taken from international experience, it is observed that there is the possibility of unemployment-inflation trade-off becoming relevant after the adoption of targets. In relation to theBrazilian case, the main point for the attainment of good results for the economy is the neces sity of the monetary regime having a high credibility.