79 research outputs found
Tracing Molecular Gas Mass in z â 6 Galaxies with [C ii]
We investigate the fine-structure [C] line at
m as a molecular gas tracer by analyzing the relationship between
molecular gas mass () and [C] line
luminosity () in 11,125 star-forming, main sequence
galaxies from the SIMBA simulations, with line emission modeled by S\'IGAME.
Though most () of the gas mass in our simulations is ionized,
the bulk () of the [C] emission comes from the
molecular phase. We find a sub-linear (slope ) relation, in contrast with the linear relation derived
from observational samples of more massive, metal-rich galaxies at . We derive a median [C]-to- conversion
factor of .
This is lower than the average value of derived from observations, which we attribute to lower gas-phase
metallicities in our simulations. Thus, a lower, luminosity-dependent,
conversion factor must be applied when inferring molecular gas masses from
[C] observations of low-mass galaxies. For our
simulations, [C] is a better tracer of the molecular gas
than CO , especially at the lowest metallicities, where much of the gas
is 'CO-dark'. We find that is more tightly correlated with
than with star-formation rate (), and both the and
relations arise from the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. Our findings suggest that
is a promising tracer of the molecular gas at the earliest
cosmic epochs.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap
On the dust properties of high-redshift molecular clouds and the connection to the 2175 Ă extinction bump
On the dust properties of high-redshift molecular clouds and the connection to the 2175 Ă extinction bump
We present a study of the extinction and depletion-derived dust properties of
gamma-ray burst (GRB) absorbers at showing the presence of neutral
carbon (\ion{C}{I}). By modelling their parametric extinction laws, we discover
a broad range of dust models characterizing the GRB \ion{C}{I} absorption
systems. In addition to the already well-established correlation between the
amount of \ion{C}{I} and visual extinction, , we also observe a
correlation with the total-to-selective reddening, . All three quantities
are also found to be connected to the presence and strength of the 2175\,{\AA}
dust extinction feature. While the amount of \ion{C}{I} is found to be
correlated with the SED-derived dust properties, we do not find any evidence
for a connection with the depletion-derived dust content as measured from
[Zn/Fe] and (Fe). To reconcile this, we discuss a scenario
where the observed extinction is dominated by the composition of dust particles
confined in the molecular gas-phase of the ISM. We argue that since the
depletion level trace non-carbonaceous dust in the ISM, the observed extinction
in GRB \ion{C}{I} absorbers is primarily produced by carbon-rich dust in the
molecular cloud and is therefore only observable in the extinction curves and
not in the depletion patterns. This also indicates that the 2175\,{\AA} dust
extinction feature is caused by dust and molecules in the cold and molecular
gas-phase. This scenario provides a possible resolution to the discrepancy
between the depletion- and SED-derived amounts of dust in high- absorbers.Comment: 10 pages, 5 Figs. + Appendix. Accepted in MNRA
Lyman continuum leakage in faint star-forming galaxies at redshift z = 3-3.5 probed by gamma-ray bursts
VLT/X-shooter GRBs: Individual extinction curves of star-forming regions
The extinction profiles in Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) afterglow spectral energy
distributions (SEDs) are usually described by the Small Magellanic Cloud
(SMC)-type extinction curve. In different empirical extinction laws, the
total-to-selective extinction, RV, is an important quantity because of its
relation to dust grain sizes and compositions. We here analyse a sample of 17
GRBs (0.34<z<7.84) where the ultraviolet to near-infrared spectroscopic
observations are available through the VLT/X-shooter instrument, giving us an
opportunity to fit individual extinction curves of GRBs for the first time. Our
sample is compiled on the basis that multi-band photometry is available around
the X-shooter observations. The X-shooter data are combined with the Swift
X-ray data and a single or broken power-law together with a parametric
extinction law is used to model the individual SEDs. We find 10 cases with
significant dust, where the derived extinction, AV, ranges from 0.1-1.0mag. In
four of those, the inferred extinction curves are consistent with the SMC
curve. The GRB individual extinction curves have a flat RV distribution with an
optimal weighted combined value of RV = 2.61+/-0.08 (for seven broad coverage
cases). The 'average GRB extinction curve' is similar to, but slightly steeper
than the typical SMC, and consistent with the SMC Bar extinction curve at ~95%
confidence level. The resultant steeper extinction curves imply populations of
small grains, where large dust grains may be destroyed due to GRB activity.
Another possibility could be that young age and/or lower metallicities of GRBs
environments are responsible for the steeper curves.Comment: 4 Figures, 2 Tables, MNRAS accepte
Money talks: moral economies of earning a living in neoliberal East Africa
Neoliberal restructuring has targeted not just the economy, but also polity, society and culture, in the name of creating capitalist market societies. The societal repercussions of neoliberal policy and reform in terms of moral economy remain understudied. This article seeks to address this gap by analysing moral economy characteristics and dynamics in neoliberalised communities, as perceived by traders in Uganda and sex workers in Kenya. The interview data reveal perceived drivers that contributed to a significant moral dominance of money, self-interest, short-termism, opportunism and pragmatism. Equally notable are a perceived (i) close interaction between politicalâeconomic and moralâeconomic dynamics, and (ii) significant impact of the politicalâeconomic structure on moral agency. Respondents primarily referred to material factors usually closely linked to neoliberal reform, as key drivers of local moral economies. We thus speak of a neoliberalisation of moral economies, itself part of the wider process of embedding and locking-in market society structures in the two countries. An improved political economy of moral economy can help keep track of this phenomenon
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