Sprachschichten im Mittelalter

This summary covers beaches considered to be tactically important. For full description of coastline, see section VI. Information common to all beaches: tidal range, approximately 4ft (higher high water heights to lowest tide) All depths given at mean LLW. Towns adjacent to most beaches, water supplies unknown

Oxytocin modulates neural reactivity to children's faces as a function of social salience

Oxytocin (OT) enhances social behaviors such as attachment and parental caretaking. Neural correlates of maternal attachment are found in reward-related brain regions, for example, in the globus pallidus (GP). The present work investigates the effects of OT on the neural correlates of parental attachment. Fathers viewed pictures of their own child (oC), a familiar child (fC), and an unfamiliar child (uC) after intranasal application of OT vs placebo. OT reduced activation and functional connectivity of the left GP with reward- and attachment-related regions responsive to pictures of the oC and the uC. The present results emphasize the key role of OT in human parental attachment and suggest that OT reduces neural reactivity to social cues as a function of social salience. Our results together with previous findings speak to a selective reduction of neural reactivity to social stimuli, irrespective of their valence. We argue that one major pathway by which OT exerts its positive effects on affiliative and social behaviors is the attenuation of automatic neural responses, which in turn leads to increased approach behaviors and decreased social avoidance

Amber fossils of sooty moulds

International audienceSooty moulds are saprophytic ascomycetes with brown hyphae, often forming extensive subicula on living plant surfaces. These fungi growon plant exudates and honeydewsecreted by sap sucking insects and are ubiquitous in many humid terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we review previously published specimens of sooty moulds and provide new fossil evidence that traces the fossil record of these fungi for about 100 million years, from the early Miocene (17 million years) to the Early Cretaceous (Albian, about 100 to 113 million years). Investigation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic ambers from different parts of the world revealed sooty moulds from eight northern hemisphere amber deposits. Fragments of superficial subicula composed of smooth brown moniliform hyphae with tapering distal ends identical to those produced by extant species in the familyMetacapnodiaceae (Capnodiales) are recorded since the Albian. The fossil fungi originate from tropical to temperate coastal forests where they grew on leaves and bark of different conifer and angiospermtrees. This indicates that capnodialean sooty moulds have occupied their specialized niche since at least from when early angiosperms appeared in the fossil record

Oxytocin Modulates Neural Reactivity to Children's Faces as a Function of Social Salience

Oxytocin (OT) enhances social behaviors such as attachment and parental caretaking. Neural correlates of maternal attachment are found in reward-related brain regions, for example, in the globus pallidus (GP). The present work investigates the effects of OT on the neural correlates of parental attachment. Fathers viewed pictures of their own child (oC), a familiar child (fC), and an unfamiliar child (uC) after intranasal application of OT vs placebo. OT reduced activation and functional connectivity of the left GP with reward- and attachment-related regions responsive to pictures of the oC and the uC. The present results emphasize the key role of OT in human parental attachment and suggest that OT reduces neural reactivity to social cues as a function of social salience. Our results together with previous findings speak to a selective reduction of neural reactivity to social stimuli, irrespective of their valence. We argue that one major pathway by which OT exerts its positive effects on affiliative and social behaviors is the attenuation of automatic neural responses, which in turn leads to increased approach behaviors and decreased social avoidance