A bigger piece of the pie? State corrections spending and the politics of social order

Author's manuscript made available in accordance with the publisher's policy.The dramatic increase in American state prison populations during the past three decades has sparked considerable research interest. Empirical research has most often examined changes in prison admissions or populations, but few studies have considered shifts in state corrections budgets. This study examines variation in annual, state-level corrections expenditures as a proportion of state expenditures from 1980 to 1998, drawing together existing theoretical arguments about criminal punishment under a common rubric that focuses on state responsibility for the maintenance of social order and the need for state officials to maintain office through popular election. From this view, partisan politics, economic and racial threats, citizen preferences, fiscal considerations, policy priorities, and crime are important explanations of corrections spending because they affect strategies for maintaining social order, garnering votes, and maintaining political office. Findings generally support this perspective. Partisan politics, racial threats, state economic prosperity, and budgetary priorities all play a role in determining state corrections expenditures

PARTISAN POLITICS, ELECTORAL COMPETITION, AND IMPRISONMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF STATES OVER TIME

Author's manuscript made available in accordance with the publisher's policy.The now well-documented explosion in prison populations over the last 30 years has spurred significant attention in the literature. Early research focused primarily on economic explanations. More recently it has focused on political explanations of prison growth. Here we extend research on political explanations of imprisonment by drawing on the literature on state politics and public policy. We argue that the effect of partisan politics on punishment is conditional on how much electoral competition legislators face. We test this hypothesis using annual state level data on imprisonment from 1978 to 1996. Our findings show that the effect of Republican state legislative strength on prison admissions depends on time and the level of competition in state legislative elections. We argue that these findings suggest the need for a more nuanced understanding of the link between partisan U.S. politics and imprisonment

INNOVA Research Journal

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar la importancia del Órgano de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC dentro de las negociaciones sobre el acceso a los mercados internacionales. El área que se está investigando es el funcionamiento de la OMC especialmente, cómo esta resuelve las diferencias entre países, especialmente teniendo en cuenta el análisis de costo-beneficio que se incurre. La investigación se lleva a cabo a través de la revisión de fuentes primarias y secundarias con un enfoque cualitativo y comparativo así como perspectiva analítica y descriptiva. El resultado que se obtuvo después de estudiar dos casos específicamente en Ecuador, nos muestra cómo el organismo proporciona buenas oportunidades de desarrollo comercial a nivel mundial con ahorro de recursos. Se recomienda que los países hagan conciencia y permitan que estos organismos les asesoren al momento de tomar decisiones y resolver conflictos en búsqueda de un comercio más eficaz y eficiente

Girls In the juvenile Justice system in England and Wales, 2002-17

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor and Francis in Journal of Youth Studies on 02/09/2021, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1970723 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.This paper addresses a gap in the literature on youth justice in England and Wales by examining disaggregated patterns of juvenile court processing (i.e., proven offences) and custody. It provides new evidence to show that gendered effects are best observed over time. Looking at juvenile justice data over time allows us to see the effects of policy that are obscured in the short-term. This is especially important when considering small and specific populations, such as girls. It is often assumed that policy impacts smaller groups in the justice system (in this case, girls) in the same way as the larger group (in this case, boys), with boys’ experiences representing the norm (Estrada et al. 2016). In this paper, we call into question that assumption by considering female and male proven offences and juvenile custody over time in England and Wales and show why gendered impacts should be given proper consideration (Sherman & Black 2015). We also examine changes in the gender gap in proven offences and juvenile custody over time.This work was not supported by external funding but unique data were created and supplied by the Youth Justice Board, Ministry of Justice and Office for National Statistics for this research

La facturación eletrónica en Colombia, Brasil y Chile: análisis en sus procedimientos y aspectos condicionantes

La finalidad de los países en implementar este sistema de facturación va encaminada hacia la modernización, que además ofrece ventajas para las entidades comerciales y para el gobierno nacional de cada país. Para las empresas de los diferentes países, esteprocesoinfluye en el mejoramiento de procedimientos administrativos, lo que permite un ahorro en costos y tiempo, haciendo que este servicio sea más dinámico y minimice errores al facturar. De igual forma, los gobiernos se benefician en cuanto a la evasión fiscal que es el principal problema de crecimiento económico que tienen los países, garantizando a los estados, totalacceso a las contabilidades y operaciones financieras de las entidades.En este contexto, este estudio analiza de manera comparativa elproceso de facturación electrónica en los países de Brasil, Chile y Colombia, con su evolución a través del tiempoen sus procedimientos y aspectos condicionantes.A nivel metodológico, es un estudio de alcance descriptivo yde tipo documental donde se observa similitudes y contrastes, comola no admisión de proveedorestecnológicos en Brasily desatancándose similitudes entre Colombia, Chile y Brasil, como el formato utilizado XML, la firma electrónica requerida, su obligatoria conservaciónque oscila entre 5 y 6 años, entre otros aspectos.The purpose of the countries in implementing this invoicing system is aimed at modernization, which also offers advantages for commercial entities and for the national government of each country. For the companies of the different countries, this process influences the improvement of administrative procedures, which allows savings in costs and time, making this service more dynamic and minimizing billing errors. Similarly, governments benefit in terms of tax evasion, which is the main problem of economic growth that countries have, guaranteeing the states, full access to the accounts and financial operations of the entities. In this context, this study analyzes in a comparative way the electronic invoicing process in the countries of Brazil, Chile and Colombia, with its evolution through time in its procedures and conditioning aspects. At a methodological level, it isa descriptive and documentary type study where similarities and contrasts are observed, such as the non-admission of technological suppliers in Brazil, and similarities between Colombia, Chile and Brazil, such as the XML format used, the electronic signature required, its mandatory conservation, which ranges between 5 and 6 years, among other aspects.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001438723https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000543128https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-3439https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8468-4168PLANAUDIludivia.hernandez@[email protected]@campusucc.edu.cohttps://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=es&user=i48G4IMAAAAJhttps://scholar.google.es/citations?hl=es&user=XCX64PoAAAA