Affective intervention to improve long-term exercise participation by enhancing anticipated, in-task, and post-task affect, An

2019 Spring.Includes bibliographical references.The benefits of regular exercise are immense. Among these benefits are lower morbidity and mortality rates and an improved quality of life. Currently in the United States though, most adults do not meet exercise recommendations; in addition, per capita health care costs have more than doubled since 2000, and nearly 30% of adults are obese. Exercise is a prime mechanism to improve the health of Americans, but current behavior-change models in this area only modestly predict exercise behavior. The lack of exercise enjoyment is a major barrier towards behavior change, and for many, exercise does not feel good. This dissertation describes an intervention that built off both the hedonic theory of motivation and past research in the area of affect and exercise. Both adults in the Northern Colorado area and students at Colorado State University were recruited to participate in an intervention with the goal of increasing exercise behavior by improving exercise-related affect. Seventy-four participants went through a 15-week period where their exercise behavior was tracked: at a baseline laboratory visit, those in the affective intervention condition learned how to make exercise more enjoyable and the importance of doing so, while those in the standard intervention condition set personal exercise goals. Participants in the affective intervention condition increased their exercise levels over baseline levels more so than participants in the standard intervention condition throughout each of the fifteen weeks, although a mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance showed that this effect did not reach traditional measures of statistical significance. Fitness level and exercise performance saw no significant changes from pre- to post-intervention testing in either group. Implications from this experiment extend from adding to past research in this area by adding a longitudinal affective intervention to the literature to creating a new, forward-thinking mechanism towards health behavior change. In addition, these results highlight the difficulty of behavioral interventions in exercise science without strong incentives for participants to increase their exercise behavior. Some of the reasons for that difficulty, such as participants' perceived lack of available time to exercise (the most commonly reported barrier), are discussed in this dissertation's discussion section

Exercise goal acknowledgment and its effects on short-term exercise

Includes bibliographical references.2015 Fall.Regular physical activity has been shown to have substantial physical and mental benefits, ranging from protection against obesity to greater quality of life (Harvard School of Public Health, 2014; Faulkner & Taylor, 2005). Yet, a low percentage of people in the United States meet recommended levels of physical activity (Troiano et al., 2008). Goal setting has been shown to be an effective way to improve behavior (Locke & Latham, 1990; Latham & Budworth, 2006), but may be impacted by underexplored social factors. This study examined the role that another person, apart from the goal-setting exerciser, can have on physical activity goal pursuit. College students (n = 143) participated in a controlled experiment. A researcher demonstrated four exercises (push-ups, planks, jumping jacks, and single-leg balancing), after which participants set personal goals regarding their own imminent performance of these exercises. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: 1) private goals: participants set goals and did not share them with experimenter; 2) acknowledged goals: participants' goals were positively acknowledged by experimenter; 3) unacknowledged goals: participants gave their goals to an experimenter who did not provide acknowledgment. A significant effect of condition on performance and goal attainment was seen for planks and a significant effect of condition on goal attainment was seen for pushups. No significant effects were seen for jumping jacks or balancing. Results indicate positive effects of goal acknowledgment on subsequent goal attainment and exercise performance and also suggest negative effects of having goals that could be acknowledged go unacknowledged

First and Second Generation New York City Bilinguals: What Is the Role of Input in Their Collocational Knowledge of English and Spanish?

This study compares monolinguals and different kinds of bilinguals with respect to their knowledge of the type of lexical phenomenon known as collocation. Collocations are word combinations that speakers use recurrently, forming the basis of conventionalized lexical patterns that are shared by a linguistic community. Examples of collocations typically used by speakers of English in the United States are make a decision, take a step, and have a coffee. Examples of collocations typically used by speakers of Spanish in Latin America and Spain are tomar una decisión (\u27make a decision\u27, lit.: take a decision), dar un paso (‘take a step\u27, lit.: give a step), and tomar un café (‘have a coffee\u27, lit.: take a coffee). While these examples in English and their translation counterparts in Spanish have roughly the same denotation, different verbs are used to express them. Research on collocational knowledge has focused almost exclusively on cross-linguistic effects observed in bilinguals, in direct comparison to English monolinguals (e.g., Siyanova & Schmitt, 2008; Wolter & Gyllstad, 2013; Sonbul, 2015). Differences between bilinguals and monolinguals have typically been interpreted as indicating a deficit in bilinguals’ collocational knowledge, revealing an underlying assumption on the part of researchers that collocational knowledge is categorical, i.e., collocations are either ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’, as attested in monolingual usage, and bilinguals have or have not managed to attain the knowledge of monolinguals. We asked whether examining the linguistic input – the language speakers hear in their daily lives – in a contact setting like New York City would reveal more about collocational knowledge overall, and specifically about collocational knowledge in bilinguals, as well as about cross-linguistic effects in bilingual collocational knowledge. Linguistic input with regard to collocations can be broken down into its different properties, including (1) the frequency of the collocation and (2) the collocation\u27s Mutual Information score (MI), which quantifies the degree to which the statistical association between the component words of the collocation is greater than chance. For bilinguals, an additional property of a collocation is the extent to which it overlaps with its translation counterpart in the other language in terms of meaning, context, and form. Sociolinguistic studies in contact settings like New York City (e.g., Ortigosa & Otheguy, 2007) and the Netherlands (e.g., Doğruöz and Backus, 2009) have shown that the property of overlap is related to the influence that collocational knowledge in the majority language can have on that of the minority language. Based on widely attested conventional collocations consisting of combinations of verb plus direct object that are found in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) (Davies, 2008) and the Corpus del Español (CDE) (Davies, 2002), and based also on less commonly documented equivalent alternatives, e.g., The student made a question in class about the reading (cf. The student asked a question in class about the reading), the data in this study consist of experimental behavior by bilinguals in acceptability judgment tasks. Three groups of English-Spanish bilinguals, and a group of English monolinguals and one of Spanish monolinguals were tested on site in Mexico City, New York City (NYC), and Puerto Rico. The three bilingual groups were: First generation bilinguals (tested in NYC) who were born in Latin America or Spain and acquired English as adult newcomers to the United States; second generation bilinguals (also tested in NYC) who were born in the U.S. to first generation parents; and Latin American bilinguals residing in Puerto Rico (tested in Puerto Rico). For all three bilingual groups, we selected participants who were highly proficient in both English and Spanish. In addition, a group of English monolinguals was tested in NYC and a group of Spanish monolinguals was tested in Mexico City. The results showed the following: (1) Both monolinguals and bilinguals similarly preferred collocations with higher levels of frequency and MI, challenging widely-held assumptions that bilingual collocational knowledge is deficient even in highly proficient bilinguals or that it deviates significantly from that of monolinguals; (2) All speakers, including members of all bilingual and monolingual groups, and irrespective of whether they were tested in NYC, Mexico City, or Puerto Rico, exhibited variability in their judgments of acceptability, showing that collocational knowledge is not categorical in either bilinguals or monolinguals; collocations are not simply judged as correct or incorrect, but induce gradient reactions; (3) While cross-linguistic effects were observable among all bilingual groups in both languages, second generation speakers exhibited the most significant effects in their acceptance of Spanish collocations that were direct translations from English, e.g., tomar un paso (instead of the conventional dar un paso) and hacer una decisión (instead of the conventional tomar una decisión). The results are for the most part in line with existing findings, and tend to lend support to usage-based theories (e.g., Goldberg, 1995, 2006; Bybee, 2006, 2013) that view language as form-meaning pairings, or “constructions”, which are acquired through exposure to the linguistic input. Furthermore, the results show that bilinguals’ knowledge of collocations, even at high levels of proficiency, is affected by cross-linguistic influence from the language of more input. This suggests that in contact situations especially, bilinguals tend to converge their knowledge, or employ optimization strategies (Bullock & Toribio, 2004; Otheguy, 2011; Muysken, 2013), where one of two existing linguistic forms expressing the same meaning in the two different languages is chosen over the other

The Emotional Effect of Same Sex Grouping

The research question addressed in this project was, how do gender roles affect the achievement of school-aged children? It documents one teachers research in her fifth grade classroom by creating a curriculum related challenge that students worked on in mixed gender groups and same gender groups. The author documents the details of the research literature review in order to analyze and validate the study. The action research portion included surveys that students responded to, asking them to reflect over their experience. In conclusion, the author describes both successes and struggles of working with mixed and same gender groups and concludes that: males and females rated their experience significantly higher when working with their same gender peers

Experiments on the Structure of Turbulence in Fully Developed Pipe Flow

This paper describes a series of two-point measurements in fully developed pipe flow. Measurements of the phase shifts between the Fourier components of the axial velocity fluctuations at two points were made with three different orientations of the two points. In all cases the two points were close enough together that the turbulent structure remained essentially frozen while passing between the sensors. The phase velocities, C1(f), and inclinations, α(f) (defined previously by Heidrick et al. (8)), of each frequency component, f, were determined from these measurements. In general, the Fourier components are inclined to the wall - the lower frequencies making smaller angles with the wall than the higher frequencies. The higher frequency disturbances became more nearly perpendicular to the wall in the central region of the pipe. For points very near the wall the disturbances appear to be very obliquely inclined. In the core region, the phase velocity increases with increasing frequency and there is little discernable trend in the phase velocities with respect to position when they are normalized by the local mean velocity. The group velocity of small scale disturbances (large wavenumbers) in the core region appears to be approximately constant and of the order of the local mean velocity. This means that a frozen pattern hypothesis should be valid for these scales. All measurements became more scattered at values of y+ ~\u3c26. This may be due to the intermit- tent nature of the flow near the wall since recent studies in turbulent shear flow suggest that energy transfer from the mean flow to fluctuations near the wall may be due to local instabilities ( bursts ). Thus, the time averaged model is not entirely adequate, and it was necessary to separate out the burst intervals for further study. By suitably processing the two-point velocity signals it was possible to determine when the flow was bursting. The behavior of the velocity and vorticity within measured bursts was determined. This behavior and short-term energy spectra within bursts indicate a weakly periodic behavior. The overall behavior of the flow was shown to be similar to the last stage of the laminar-to-turbulent flow transition

Thermal regimes in the detachment fault environment as deduced from fluid inclusions

Extensional tectonism, which dominates middle- and late-Tertiary geology in western Arizona, southeastern California, and southern Nevada, is characterized by normal regionally extensive, low-angle detachment faults. The decollement movement of Fupper plate rocks relative to lower plate assemblages created extensive zones of dilatency, including synthetic and antithetic listric normal faults, tear faults, tectonic crush breccias, shatter breccias, and gash veins in lithologic units above and below the detachment. The tectonically enhanced permeability above and below the detachment fault permitted mass migration of large volumes of hydrothermal solutions along the fault zone during and following upper plate movement. Major quantities of MgO, CaO, K2O, FeO/Fe2O3, SiO2 and CO2 were added to rocks in and near the detachment and related structures. Also introduced were varying amounts of trace elements including Mn, Cu, S, Mo, Ba, Au, Pb, Zn, U and/or Ag. Minerals containing fluid incusions were collected from all of these loci at locations in detachment faulted terranes in western Arizona and southeastern California

ENHANCEMENT OF THE COMPLETION EFFICIENCY OF PERFORATION TUNNELS IN PETROLEUM WELLS

ABSTRACT The objective of perforating is to maximize well productivity by establishing good connectivity between the wellbore and formation. The conventional method of perforation -perforation by shooting (PS) cannot achieve expected wellbore productivity due to a region of reduced permeability around the perforation tunnel. In this study, it has been established that permeability is decreased in the range of 30%-75% due to the implementation of the PS technique compared to the openhole completion. As a result, a new perforation technique -perforation by drilling (PD) has been proposed in this paper. To simulate a perforated completion, cylindrical sand samples (0.0572 m OD) consolidated with cement with varying porosity were prepared. These samples were perforated (0.0136 m ID) by the PS, PD and Casting techniques. Perforations created by the Casting techniques are considered the ideal, openhole perforation tunnel. Fluid flow rates and differential pressure across the perforated samples were measured for three different types of samples using "Geotechnical Digital System" triaxial testing set-up. Fluid flow rates with changing differential pressure and finally pressure build-up data with time indicates the PD technique can achieve better wellbore productivity compared to the PS technique. Results indicate that at 100 kPa differential pressure the PS, PD and Casting techniques can achieve 0.20 mL/s, 0.65 mL/s and 1.00 mL/s fluid flow rates respectively across a sample

Monitoring, Corporate Performance and Institutional Directors

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Monitoring, Corporate Performance and Institutional Directors, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12262. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.Our main objective is to study the effect of institutional directors on firm performance, distinguishing directors according to whether they maintain business relationships (pressure‐sensitive) or not (pressure‐resistant). Our results show that in weak regulatory and low investor protection environments, institutional directors have a negative impact on corporate performance. Our evidence shows that this negative effect is mainly driven by the role of pressure‐resistant directors and not for those directors representing mainly banks and other financial institutions with a long‐term investment horizon. These findings have implications for numerous parties, such as institutional investors, regulators, potential new board members and other corporate governance reform proponents, who frequently examine board characteristics to assess the effectiveness of boards in value‐creation policies

Diacol Guadalupe, Diacol Caribe y Diacol Sumapaz, tres nuevas variedades de papa

En trabajos desarrollados en el Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Tibaitatá y otras estaciones informan de las tres nuevas variedades de papa de buena calidad y alto rendimiento. En la descripción de cada una de estas variedades se anotan sus características más importantes. Diacol-Guadalupe corresponde al híbrido No. 50-44-87 obtenido en 1950, mediante el cruzamiento de la variedad Branca cascuda (S. tuberosum) del brasil y la variedad pajarita careta (S. andigenum) de Colombia. Diacol-Capiro hibrido No. 53-110-13 obtenida en 1953 por cruzamiento entre lineas Escocesas (S. tuberosum) y la variedad tuquerreña (S. andigenum) de Colombia. Diacol Sumapaz, híbrido No. 54-699-2 obtenida en 1954 por cruzamiento de la linea 101 y la variedad algodona (S. andigenum) de Colombia. Todas son de buena producción (de 35 a 50 t/ha), resistentes a la gota y las aspersiones se pueden reducir a la mitadPapa-Solanum tuberosu