Scenarios and roots of climate change

There have been more and more words about climate change and global warming in the last few decades. But what do we really understand them? Is it logic that the climate change derived by human behaviour or is it an independent process of nature that occurs no matter how we try to stop it? Is the climate change a global warming or global cooling method? We know for sure that something is changing around us and we heard a million times that if we exhaust the resources of the Earth than we will cause permanent and irreversible damage. In the first part of this chapter we will see the facts. There will be a few different perspectives from a few different institutions publication about the methodology of measurement on climate change. In the second part of the chapter we shall distinguish how big part of the changes may be the results of the human activities, or is it even possible to distinguish what causes the climate change. In the last part of this chapter the IPCC’s scenario will be explained on the case if the process of the climate change can not be stopped, or if human kind does not do anything for mitigation

The finite size spectrum of the 2-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma-model

Nonlinear integral equations are proposed for the description of the full finite size spectrum of the 2-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma-model in a periodic box. Numerical results for the energy eigenvalues are compared to the rotator spectrum and perturbation theory for small volumes and with the recently proposed generalized Luscher formulas at large volumes.Comment: published version, two appendices adde

DNA-based S-genotyping of Japanese plum and pluot cultivars to clarify incompatibility relationships

Diploid japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars are commonly self-incompatible. To date, 14 incompatibility alleles (S-alleles) have been identified and labeled with alphabetical (S-a-S-n) and 5 with numeric codes (S-1, S-3-S-6). We applied polymerase chain reaction amplification of the S-RNase alleles with degenerate and allele-specific primers in 10 japanese plum cultivars and two pluots of unknown incompatibility alleles. Besides DNA sequencing, an additional method for the exact length determination of the first intron region was used for the first time for S-genotype japanese plums. The S-3-allele was shown to correspond to S-k in the alphabetic nomenclature, S-4 to S-c, S-5 to S-e, and S-6 to S-f. The S-5-allele-specific primer can be used as a reliable marker for self-compatibility in japanese plum. 'Black Amber', 'October Sun', 'TC Sun', and 'Super Giant' share the SbSc genotype, which was confirmed by test crosses. These cultivars belong to the widest incompatibility group currently known in japanese plum. An additional incompatibility group (ScSh) was established, including 'Green Sun' and 'Queen Rosa', a cultivar formerly known as a universal donor. By incorporating all previous and recent results, a table was assembled including 49 cultivars assigned to I-VII incompatibility groups, to the self-compatible group and to the group O of unique genotypes. These data may considerably contribute to further growing and breeding activities

Zur Wandlung des Systems der kurzen Vokale des Ungarischen in der urungarischen und der altungarischen Zeit

Als Ausgangspunkt der Wandlung der kurzen Vokale des Ungarischen in der altungarischen Zeit bezeichnet István Kenesei die Entwicklung des i in zwei Richtungen (i ? u,  i ? i), wo die Entwicklung das ganze Kurzvokalsystem veränderte. Nach der Kritik des Modells von Kenesei versucht der Autor auf Grund der Traditionen der Literatur zur ungarischen Lautgeschichte ein anderes Modell aufzustellen. Die Grundlage für diese Betrachtungsweise liefern die Betonungsverhältnisse des Ungarischen, und ihre Grundthese besagt, dass a und ö zu Beginn der altungarischen Zeit bereits existierten. In der urungarischen Zeit kam eine Verstärkung in Wörtern finnougrischen Ursprungs mit den Stammlauten u und ü infolge der Betonung zustande, die mit einer Öffnung einherging. In unbetonten Silben dagegen erfolgte in der urungarischen Zeit eine Schwächung, die mit einer Reduktion am Wortende einherging (Schließung) und von einer Labialisierung begleitet wurde. Aufgrund dieses Modells kann man von einer Art Überkreuzwirkung sprechen, da in den betonten und in den unbetonten Silben jeweils entgegengesetzte Entwicklungen vonstatten gingen, deren Ergebnisse dann auf die Silben in der jeweils anderen Position gewirkt haben