Structural and functional study of the tissue specific alternative splicing factor MEC-8 from C.elegans

Chez les organismes multicellulaires la diversité protéique dans chaque cellule et chaque tissu est obtenue initialement en régulant l’expression d’une partie des gènes d’un génome. Ces gènes sélectionnés peuvent ensuite être soumis à un épissage alternatif de sorte que certains exons sont retenus ou exclus dans l’ARNm final. Nous étudions les détails moléculaires de la protéine MEC-8, un facteur d’épissage tissu spécifique chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Les mutants MEC-8 sont responsables d’un phénotype insensible au touché chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Plus précisément, MEC-8 lie le pré-ARNm de mec-2 un composant des récepteurs mécanosensoriels afin de réguler la production d’un isoforme particulier nécessaire pour la transduction du signal mécanosensoriel. Des études portant sur le motif conservé de reconnaissance à l’ARN (RRM) chez des orthologues des vertébrés (RBPMS) et des insectes (couch potato, CPO) ont démontré la présence d’un motif d’homodimérisation dans le domaine RRM1 de MEC-8. Cependant MEC-8 contient aussi un second domaine RRM dans sa partie C-terminale, domaine qui n’est pas retrouvé dans les protéines RBPMS et CPO. Nous avons donc exprimé chaque domaine RRM de MEC-8 indépendamment ainsi que la protéine entière et ces constructions ont été utilisées pour diverses expériences biophysiques. Nous avons ainsi identifié la séquence de liaison optimale pour les deux domaines RRM1 et RRM2. Ces analyses ont aussi été menées sur les domaines homologues issus des protéines RBPMS et CPO qui présentent une forte affinité pour la même séquence d’ARN. Nous avons donc découvert que malgré des différences de fonction et de localisation les membres de la famille RBPMS lient tous le même motif d’ARN. Les détails atomiques des deux RRM en complexe avec leur motif de liaison ont été obtenus en utilisant de la spectroscopie RMN et de la cristallographique des rayons X. Les deux complexes RRM-ligand de MEC-8 présentent de surprenantes similarités dans leur architecture.In multicellular organisms, proteomic diversity in each cell and tissue is provided initially by selective expression of gene subsets from the total genome, which are further subjected to alternative splicing, such that a different pattern of exons can be retained or excluded in the final protein coding mRNA. We are investigating the molecular details of the tissue-specific splicing factor protein MEC-8 from the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. The MEC-8 mutant protein is responsible for a touch insensitive phenotype in Caenorhabditis elegans, relating to its role as an alternative splicing factor. More precisely, MEC-8 can bind to the mec-2 pre-mRNA, a component of mechanosensory receptor, to regulate the production of a certain isoform required for transducing the touch signal. Previous studies of the conserved RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain in orthologues from vertebrate (RBPMS) and insect (couch potato; CPO) have demonstrated a homodimerization motif in MEC-8 RRM1. However, MEC-8 also contains a second RRM domain in the C-terminus that is not found in the characterized RBPMS and CPO proteins. We have therefore expressed the independent RNA-binding domains of MEC-8 as well as the full-length protein and have used these constructs in a variety of biophysical assays. We identified the optimal RNA binding sequence for both the RRM1 and RRM2, and quantified the penalty of sequence variations. The investigation has also been extended to the homologous domains from human RBPMS and Drosophila CPO, which show a high affinity to the same RNA sequence. We therefore find that despite differences in function and localization, the members of the RBPMS protein family all bind to the same RNA motif. Atomic details of binding have also been obtained by using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The ligand-bound complexes reveal a surprising similarity in the architecture of the bound ligand for the first and second RRM domains from MEC-8

Etude structurale et fonctionnelle du facteur d'épissage alternatif tissu spécifique MEC-8 chez C.elegans

In multicellular organisms, proteomic diversity in each cell and tissue is provided initially by selective expression of gene subsets from the total genome, which are further subjected to alternative splicing, such that a different pattern of exons can be retained or excluded in the final protein coding mRNA. We are investigating the molecular details of the tissue-specific splicing factor protein MEC-8 from the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. The MEC-8 mutant protein is responsible for a touch insensitive phenotype in Caenorhabditis elegans, relating to its role as an alternative splicing factor. More precisely, MEC-8 can bind to the mec-2 pre-mRNA, a component of mechanosensory receptor, to regulate the production of a certain isoform required for transducing the touch signal. Previous studies of the conserved RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain in orthologues from vertebrate (RBPMS) and insect (couch potato; CPO) have demonstrated a homodimerization motif in MEC-8 RRM1. However, MEC-8 also contains a second RRM domain in the C-terminus that is not found in the characterized RBPMS and CPO proteins. We have therefore expressed the independent RNA-binding domains of MEC-8 as well as the full-length protein and have used these constructs in a variety of biophysical assays. We identified the optimal RNA binding sequence for both the RRM1 and RRM2, and quantified the penalty of sequence variations. The investigation has also been extended to the homologous domains from human RBPMS and Drosophila CPO, which show a high affinity to the same RNA sequence. We therefore find that despite differences in function and localization, the members of the RBPMS protein family all bind to the same RNA motif. Atomic details of binding have also been obtained by using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The ligand-bound complexes reveal a surprising similarity in the architecture of the bound ligand for the first and second RRM domains from MEC-8.Chez les organismes multicellulaires la diversité protéique dans chaque cellule et chaque tissu est obtenue initialement en régulant l’expression d’une partie des gènes d’un génome. Ces gènes sélectionnés peuvent ensuite être soumis à un épissage alternatif de sorte que certains exons sont retenus ou exclus dans l’ARNm final. Nous étudions les détails moléculaires de la protéine MEC-8, un facteur d’épissage tissu spécifique chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Les mutants MEC-8 sont responsables d’un phénotype insensible au touché chez Caenorhabditis elegans. Plus précisément, MEC-8 lie le pré-ARNm de mec-2 un composant des récepteurs mécanosensoriels afin de réguler la production d’un isoforme particulier nécessaire pour la transduction du signal mécanosensoriel. Des études portant sur le motif conservé de reconnaissance à l’ARN (RRM) chez des orthologues des vertébrés (RBPMS) et des insectes (couch potato, CPO) ont démontré la présence d’un motif d’homodimérisation dans le domaine RRM1 de MEC-8. Cependant MEC-8 contient aussi un second domaine RRM dans sa partie C-terminale, domaine qui n’est pas retrouvé dans les protéines RBPMS et CPO. Nous avons donc exprimé chaque domaine RRM de MEC-8 indépendamment ainsi que la protéine entière et ces constructions ont été utilisées pour diverses expériences biophysiques. Nous avons ainsi identifié la séquence de liaison optimale pour les deux domaines RRM1 et RRM2. Ces analyses ont aussi été menées sur les domaines homologues issus des protéines RBPMS et CPO qui présentent une forte affinité pour la même séquence d’ARN. Nous avons donc découvert que malgré des différences de fonction et de localisation les membres de la famille RBPMS lient tous le même motif d’ARN. Les détails atomiques des deux RRM en complexe avec leur motif de liaison ont été obtenus en utilisant de la spectroscopie RMN et de la cristallographique des rayons X. Les deux complexes RRM-ligand de MEC-8 présentent de surprenantes similarités dans leur architecture

Cryo-EM structure of the RNA-rich plant mitochondrial ribosome

The vast majority of eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, essential powerhouses and metabolic hubs; 1; . These organelles have a bacterial origin and were acquired during an early endosymbiosis event; 2; . Mitochondria possess specialized gene expression systems composed of various molecular machines, including the mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes). Mitoribosomes are in charge of translating the few essential mRNAs still encoded by mitochondrial genomes; 3; . While chloroplast ribosomes strongly resemble those of bacteria; 4,5; , mitoribosomes have diverged significantly during evolution and present strikingly different structures across eukaryotic species; 6-10; . In contrast to animals and trypanosomatids, plant mitoribosomes have unusually expanded ribosomal RNAs and have conserved the short 5S rRNA, which is usually missing in mitoribosomes; 11; . We have previously characterized the composition of the plant mitoribosome; 6; , revealing a dozen plant-specific proteins in addition to the common conserved mitoribosomal proteins. In spite of the tremendous recent advances in the field, plant mitoribosomes remained elusive to high-resolution structural investigations and the plant-specific ribosomal features of unknown structures. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy study of the plant 78S mitoribosome from cauliflower at near-atomic resolution. We show that most of the plant-specific ribosomal proteins are pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRs) that deeply interact with the plant-specific rRNA expansion segments. These additional rRNA segments and proteins reshape the overall structure of the plant mitochondrial ribosome, and we discuss their involvement in the membrane association and mRNA recruitment prior to translation initiation. Finally, our structure unveils an rRNA-constructive phase of mitoribosome evolution across eukaryotes

Specific features and assembly of the plant mitochondrial complex I revealed by cryo-EM

Electrons enter the mitochondrial respiratory chain via complex I. Here, the authors report high-resolution structures of mature plant complex I and one of its assembly intermediates, highlighting plant-specific features including an ancestral carbonic anhydrase domain

Regulation of the macrolide resistance ABC-F translation factor MsrD

SUMMARY A ntibiotic r esistance ABC-Fs (ARE ABC-Fs) are translation factors currently proliferating among human pathogens that provide resistance against clinically important ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Here, we combine genetic and structural approaches to determine the regulation of streptococcal ARE ABC-F gene msrD in response to macrolide exposure and also demonstrate that MsrD twin-ATPase sites work asymmetrically to mediate the dynamic of MsrD interaction with the ribosome. We show that cladinose-containing macrolides lead to insertion of MsrDL leader peptide into an undocumented conserved crevice of the ribosomal exit tunnel concomitantly with 23S rRNA rearrangements that prevent peptide bond formation and preclude accommodation of release factors. The stalled ribosome obstructs formation of a Rho-independent terminator which prevents msrD transcriptional attenuation. This stalled ribosome is rescued by MsrD, but not by MsrD mutants which do not provide antibiotic resistance, showing evidence of equivalence between MsrD function in antibiotic resistance and its action on this complex

Structure of the mature kinetoplastids mitoribosome and insights into its large subunit biogenesis

International audienc

How to build a ribosome from RNA fragments in Chlamydomonas mitochondria

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. They possess their own gene expression machineries where highly divergent and specialized ribosomes, named hereafter mitoribosomes, translate the few essential messenger RNAs still encoded by mitochondrial genomes. Here, we present a biochemical and structural characterization of the mitoribosome in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as well as a functional study of some of its specific components. Single particle cryo-electron microscopy resolves how the Chlamydomonas mitoribosome is assembled from 13 rRNA fragments encoded by separate non-contiguous gene pieces. Additional proteins, mainly OPR, PPR and mTERF helical repeat proteins, are found in Chlamydomonas mitoribosome, revealing the structure of an OPR protein in complex with its RNA binding partner. Targeted amiRNA silencing indicates that these ribosomal proteins are required for mitoribosome integrity. Finally, we use cryo-electron tomography to show that Chlamydomonas mitoribosomes are attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane via two contact points mediated by Chlamydomonas-specific proteins. Our study expands our understanding of mitoribosome diversity and the various strategies these specialized molecular machines adopt for membrane tethering

Structural Differences in Translation Initiation between Pathogenic Trypanosomatids and Their Mammalian Hosts

International audienceLa traduction canonique de l’ARNm chez les eucaryotes commence par la formation du complexe de pré-initiation (PIC) 43S. Son assemblage nécessite la liaison de l’initiateur Met-TRNAjeRencontrèrent et plusieurs facteurs d’initiation eucaryotes (eIF) à la petite sous-unité ribosomique (40S). Par rapport à leurs hôtes mammifères, les trypanosomatidés présentent des différences structurelles significatives dans leurs 40S, suggérant une variabilité substantielle dans l’initiation de la traduction. Ici, nous déterminons la structure du PIC 43S de Trypanosoma cruzi, le parasite responsable de la maladie de Chagas. Notre structure présente de nombreuses caractéristiques spécifiques, telles que la variante eIF3 et ses interactions uniques avec les grands segments d’expansion de l’ARNr (ES) 9S, 7S, et 6S, et l’association d’une hélicase de type DDX60 spécifique au kinétoplaste. Il révèle également le site de liaison 40S du domaine eIF5 C-terminal et les structures des queues terminales clés de plusieurs eIF conservés sous-jacentes à leurs activités au sein du PIC. Nos résultats sont corroborés par des essais de traction de glutathion S-transférase (GST) dans les données humaines et T. cruzi et la spectrométrie de masse

How to build a ribosome from RNA fragments in Chlamydomonas mitochondria

International audienceMitochondria are the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. They possess their own gene expression machineries where highly divergent and specialized ribosomes, named hereafter mitoribosomes, translate the few essential messenger RNAs still encoded by mitochondrial genomes. Here, we present a biochemical and structural characterization of the mitoribosome in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, as well as a functional study of some of its specific components. Single particle cryo-electron microscopy resolves how the Chlamydomonas mitoribosome is assembled from 13 rRNA fragments encoded by separate non-contiguous gene pieces. Additional proteins, mainly OPR, PPR and mTERF helical repeat proteins, are found in Chlamydomonas mitoribosome, revealing the structure of an OPR protein in complex with its RNA binding partner. Targeted amiRNA silencing indicates that these ribosomal proteins are required for mitoribosome integrity. Finally, we use cryo-electron tomography to show that Chlamydomonas mitoribosomes are attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane via two contact points mediated by Chlamydomonas-specific proteins. Our study expands our understanding of mitoribosome diversity and the various strategies these specialized molecular machines adopt for membrane tethering