Local existence of Dynamically Allowed Brackets and a local existence of a Hamiltonian associated with these Brackets, for a given, possibly time dependent, N-dimensional Equations of Motion that may include Constraints

Dynamically Allowed Brackets are defined for given equations of motion for an N-dimensional mechanical system. The equations of motion may be explicitly time dependent, and may include explicitly time dependent constraints. Local existence of the Dynamically Allowed Brackets is shown. The local existence of a Hamiltonian reproducing the given equations of motion with the use of these Dynamically Allowed Brackets is proven

Spontaneous Dimension Reduction and the Existence of a local Lagrange-Hamilton Formalism for Given n-Dimensional Newtonian Equations of Motion

A partially explicit construction of a Lagrange-Hamiltonian formalism for an arbitrary n -dimensional Newtonian system of equations of motion is given. Additional variables used in the construction are spontaneously reduced by the Dirac’s constraints resulting from degeneracy of the proposed Lagrangian, so that only the variables that appear in the original system of equations remain. A Hamiltonian and dynamical Dirac’s brackets are calculated

An example of Lagrangian for a non-holonomic system

An adjustable two-mass-point Chaplygin Sleigh is used as an example of a non-holonomic system. Newtonian equations of motion based the assumption of zero virtual work done by constraints are calculated. A Lagrangian that reproduces these equations as its unmodified Euler-Lagrange equations is then explicitly given. The Lagrangian uses variables that are present in the Chaplygin Sleigh equations of motion, as well as some additional variables. Some of the Euler-Lagrange equations of that Lagrangian are non-differential. These non-differential equations automatically and completely reduce out all of these additional variables, so that only the variables that appear in the original equations of motion remain in the final dynamics of the system

Spontaneous Dimension Reduction and the Existence of a Local Lagrangian for Given n-Dimensional Newtonian Equations of Motion

A partially explicit construction of a Lagrangian for an n -dimensional Newtonian system of equations of motion is given. Extra variables used in the construction are spontaneously reduced by the constraints resulting from degeneracy of the proposed Lagrangian, so that only the variables that appear in the original system of equations remain. An explicit example of a Lagrangian for a system not satisfying Helmholtz conditions is given

Poverty and Self-Sufficiency in the Nine-County Greater Rochester Area

Poverty and Self-Sufficiency in the Nine-County Greater Rochester Area updates data from a 2013 report. Overall, it shows that poverty is rising across the region, from 13.2 percent to 14.3 percent, based on the latest available Census figures. This report aims to update key elements from both previous studies, includingpoverty data for all the counties, towns and villages in the region, relying primarily on the latest U.S. Census data, highlight the financial stress that exists in our community by differentiating between poverty and self-sufficiency; and chronicle and summarize efforts of the greater Rochester community to understand and act upon crisis

Pollen, Plant Macrofossils, and Insects from Fossil Woodrat (Neotoma Cinerea) Middens in British Columbia

Bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) occur commonly in cliffs, rock talus, and caves in the open Pseudotsuga menziesii and Pinus ponderosa forests throughout interior British Columbia. Fossil N. cinerea middens from two sites in central British Columbia were radiocarbon dated and examined for pollen, plant macrofossils and insect remains. The Oregon Jack Creek site contains a midden that is dated 1150 ± 80 (WAT-1764) radiocarbon years ago. Pollen analyses reveal an abundance of Cupressaceae (Juniperus) and Pinus. Shrub and herb pollen types include Artemisia. Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Asteraceae. Juniperus scopulorum leaves, Pseudotsuga menziesii needles, Chenopodiaceae seeds. Rosa thorns and Artemisia leaflets are the main plant macrofossils. The remains of three beetle genera, Cryptophagus, Lathridius, and Enicmus represent insects that probably lived in the midden, eating decaying organic matter or moulds. Click beetle (Limonius) remains were probably brought into the midden from nearby soil or plant material. The Bull Canyon site contains a midden that dates to 700 ± 80 (WAT-1765) years BP. Pollen and plant macrofossil assemblages are similar to those at the Oregon Jack Creek site. Woodrat middens offer a new dimension in reconstructing Holocene paleoenvironments in the arid interior of British Columbia, in much the same way as they do in the southwest United States.Les rats à queue touffue s'observent souvent dans les escarpements, les talus rocheux et les cavernes dans les forêts ouvertes de Pseudotsuga menziesii et de Pinus ponderosa de l'intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique. Des amoncellements de matières fécales fossilisés de N. cinerea recueillis dans deux sites du centre de la Colombie-Britannique ont été datés au radio-carbone et analysés pour leur contenu en pollen, en macrofossiles de végétaux et en restes d'insectes. Le site d'Oregon Jack Creek renferme un amoncellement daté à 1150 ± 80 BP (WAT-1764). Les analyses polliniques ont révélé qu'il y avait abondance de Cupressaceae (Juniperus) et de Pinus. Les grains de pollen d'arbustes et d'herbacées comprennent Artemisia, Fabaceae. Poaceae et Asteraceae. Les principaux macrofossiles de végétaux étaient des feuilles de Juniperis scopulorum, des aiguilles de Pseudotsuga menziesii, des graines de Chenopodiaceae, des épines de Rosa et des folioles o"Artemisia. Les restes de trois genres de coléoptères (Cryptophagus, Lathridius et Enicmus) représentent les insectes qui vivaient probablement dans les amoncellements, se nourrissant de la matière organique en décomposition ou des moisissures. Les restes de Limonius proviennent probablement du sol environnant ou des végétaux. Le site de Bull Canyon renferme un amoncellement qui date de 700 ± 80 BP (WAT-1765). Les assemblages de pollen et de végétaux ressemblent à ceux du site d'Oregon Jack Creek. Les matières fécales du rat à queue touffue offrent de nouvelles possibilités de reconstitution des paléoenvironnements de l'Holocène de la région intérieure aride de la Colombie-Britannique, un peu comme c'est déjà le cas dans le sud des Etats-Unis.Ratten mit buschigem Schwanz (Neotoma cinerea) findet man oft in den Klippen, Schutthalden und Hôhlen in den offenen Pseudotsuga menziesii und Pinus ponderosa Wàldern im ganzen lnnern von British Columbia. Fosile N. cinerea Fâkalien von zwei Plâtzen in Zentral British Columbia wurden mit Radiokarbon datiert und auf Pollen, pflanzliche Makrofossile und lnsektenspuren untersucht. Der Platz Jack Creek in Oregon enthàlt einen Fakalienfund, der auf 1150 ± 80 (WAT-1764) Radiokarbonjahre v.u.Z. datiert wird. Die Pollenanalysen enthullen eine FuIIe von Cupressaceae (Juniperus) und Pinus. Buschund Graspollenarten schliessen Artemisia, Fabaceae, Poaceae und Asteraceae ein. Blatter von Juniperus scopulorum, Nadeln von Pseudotsuga menziesii, Samen von Chenopodiaceae, Dornen von Rosa und Blâttchen von Artemisia sind die hauptsâchlichen Pflanzenmakrofossile. Die Reste von drei Kaferarten, Cryptophagus, Lathridius und Enicmus reprâsentieren Insekten, die môglicherweise in den Fâkalien lebten und verwesendes organisches Material Oder Schimmel assen. Limonius-Reste wurden wahrscheinlich in die Fâkalien von nahegelegenem Erdreich Oder Pflanzenmaterial gebracht. Der Platz Bull Canyon enthàlt Fâkalien, die auf 700 ± 80 (WAT-1765) Jahre v.u.Z. datiert werden. Pollen- und makrofossile Pflanzenansammlungen sind denen des Jack Creek-Platzes von Oregon àhnlich. Fâkalien von Waldratten liefern eine neue Dimension bei der Rekonstruktion der Palàoumwelt im Holozàn im trockenen lnnern von British Columbia, ganz in derselben Weise, wie sie das schon im Sudwesten der Vereinigten Staaten tun

Natural and projectively equivariant quantizations by means of Cartan Connections

The existence of a natural and projectively equivariant quantization in the sense of Lecomte [20] was proved recently by M. Bordemann [4], using the framework of Thomas-Whitehead connections. We give a new proof of existence using the notion of Cartan projective connections and we obtain an explicit formula in terms of these connections. Our method yields the existence of a projectively equivariant quantization if and only if an \sl(m+1,\R)-equivariant quantization exists in the flat situation in the sense of [18], thus solving one of the problems left open by M. Bordemann.Comment: 13 page

Mild hydration of didecyldimethylammonium chloride modified DNA by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance and by sorption isotherm

The gaseous phase hydration of deoxyribonucleic acid and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (C19H42ClN) complexes (DNA-DDCA) was observed using hydration kinetics, sorption isotherm, and high power nuclear magnetic resonance. Three bound water fractions were distinguished: (i) a very tightly bound water not removed by incubation over silica gel, (ii) a tightly bound water saturating with the hydration time t(1)(h) (0.596 +/- 0.04) h, and a loosely bound water fraction, (iii) with the hydration time t(2)(h) (20.9 +/- 1.3) h. Proton free induction decay was decomposed into the signal associated with the solid matrix of DNA-DDCA complex (T-2S approximate to 30 mu s) and two liquid signal components coming from tightly bound (T-2L1 approximate to 100 mu s) and from loosely bound water fraction (T-2L2 approximate to 1000 mu s)

Quality assessment of instructions for authors in dental, oral and maxillofacial journals

Objective: to develop and test inter-observer reproducibility of instructions for authors quality rating (IAQR) tool measuring the quality of instructions for authors at journal level for a possible improvement of editorial guidelines.Material and methods: instructions for authors of 75 dental and maxillofacial surgery journals were assessed by two independent observers using assessment tool inspired from AGREE with 16 questions and 1 to 4 points scale per answer. Two observers evaluated the instructions of authors independently and blind to impact factor of a given journal. Scores obtained from our tool were compared with “journal impact factor 2013”. Results: IAQR presented with an excellent interobserver reproducibility (κ= 0.81) despite a difference in data distribution between observers. There existed a weak positive correlation between IAQR and “journal impact factor 2013”. Conclusions: The IAQR is a reproducible quality assessment tool at the journal level. The IAQR assess the quality of instruction for authors and it is a goodstarting point for possible improvements of the instructions for authors, especially when it comes to their completeness. Nemesis relevance: 28% of dental and maxillofacial journals might revise their instructions for authors to provide more up-to-date version.Objective: to develop and test inter-observer reproducibility of instructions for authors quality rating (IAQR) tool measuring the quality of instructions for authors at journal level for a possible improvement of editorial guidelines.Material and methods: instructions for authors of 75 dental and maxillofacial surgery journals were assessed by two independent observers using assessment tool inspired from AGREE with 16 questions and 1 to 4 points scale per answer. Two observers evaluated the instructions of authors independently and blind to impact factor of a given journal. Scores obtained from our tool were compared with “journal impact factor 2013”. Results: IAQR presented with an excellent interobserver reproducibility (κ= 0.81) despite a difference in data distribution between observers. There existed a weak positive correlation between IAQR and “journal impact factor 2013”. Conclusions: The IAQR is a reproducible quality assessment tool at the journal level. The IAQR assess the quality of instruction for authors and it is a goodstarting point for possible improvements of the instructions for authors, especially when it comes to their completeness. Nemesis relevance: 28% of dental and maxillofacial journals might revise their instructions for authors to provide more up-to-date version