Trolley Trail: An Assessment of Opportunities and Constraints

In January 2002, Metro Regional Parks and Greenspaces (Metro) and North Clackamas Parks and Recreation District (NCPRD) contacted Portland State University\u27s Planning Workshop class for assistance with a regional trail planning project. Metro is the regional government for the Portland metropolitan area. Within Metro, the Regional Parks and Greenspaces staff administers the parks, open space, natural area, trails and greenways acquisition program for the citizens of the region. NCPRD is a special service district of Clackamas County that provides park and recreation services to communities in the northern portion of the county. When the project was presented to the workshop class, Metro and NCPRD were beginning to plan for the conversion of a former streetcar right ..of-way into a multi-use trail in North Clackamas County. Both agencies were interested in having a student group assist with the early phases of trail planning. In response to this interest, the workshop team completed a work plan detailing tasks and timelines for the workshop project. A part of the work plan was a problem statement that would guide the team\u27s work: What are the opportunities and constraints that should guide the design and development of the Trolley Trail? This report presents the workshop team\u27s findings of opportunities and constraints. This report will assist Metro and NCPRD in future trail planning phases. Itwillalso assist hired professional consultants who will lead future planning and design efforts. The report is divided into three sections for easy reference

Docu-Commencement

New print, photographic, sculptural, video, and installation works based on intensive artist residencies held during Bryn Mawr College’s 2012 Commencement weekend. Exhibition held at Bryn Mawr College Class of 1912 Rare Book Room, Canaday Library, from October 25 to December 14, 2012.https://repository.brynmawr.edu/bmc_books/1017/thumbnail.jp

Baby bumps in the road: The impact of parenthood on job performance, human capital, and career advancement

A robust literature establishes that women experience lasting penalties to their labor market earn- ings after having a child, but men do not. This paper explores possible factors behind earnings penalties. We evaluate the effect of parenthood on men’s and women’s job performance, human cap- ital accumulation, and career advancement using unique personnel data on U.S. Marines. To address selection of workers into parenthood, we estimate event study models around the first birth of a child. We include a comparison group of nonparents assigned “placebo births” based on key predictors of parenthood and outcomes, which we argue best approximates the counterfactual. Outcomes include standardized measures of job performance, such as physical fitness test scores, supervisor ratings of job proficiency, and firm-specific task scores (rifle and pistol marksmanship). We also study time spent in firm-specific training, formal years of education, and promotions. Among U.S. Marines who return to work with similar hours after having a child, we find declines in mothers’ job performance and months of firm-specific training in the two years following a birth. Consistent with these findings, women’s promotion trajectories slow in response to childbirth. Men have slightly lower physical performance in the first year postbirth, but other performance measures, human capital development, and promotion trajectories are largely unaffected. Mediation analyses suggest delays in promotions stem from mothers missing key job performance tests due to pregnancy and postpartum waivers. Last, we show longer paid maternity leave due to an unexpected leave ex- tension does not predict better or worse job-related outcomes.Funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Evidence for Action grant program (77124); the Institute of Education Sciences’ Multidisciplinary Program in Education Sciences (Award R305B140042); and Northwestern University’s Graduate Research Grant Program

Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin and Tazobactam in Critically Ill Children

The study objective was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of extended-infusion piperacillintazobactam in children hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Seventy-two serum samples were collected at steady state from 12 patients who received piperacillin-tazobactam at 100/12.5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h infused over 4 h. Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using NONMEM, and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the piperacillin pharmacokinetic profiles for dosing regimens of 80 to 100 mg/kg of the piperacillin component given every 6 to 8 h and infused over 0.5, 3, or 4 h. The probability of target attainment (PTA) for a cumulative percentage of the dosing interval that the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (TMIC) of\u3e50% was calculated at MICs ranging from 0.25 to 64 mg/liter. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age, weight, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were 5 ± 3 years, 17 ± 6.2 kg, and 118 ± 41 ml/min/1.73m2, respectively. A one-compartment model with zero-order input and first-order elimination best fit the pharmacokinetic data for both drugs. Weight was significantly associated with piperacillin clearance, and weight and sex were significantly associated with tazobactam clearance. Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) for piperacillin and tazobactam were as follows: clearance, 0.22 ± 0.07 and 0.19 ± 0.07 liter/h/kg, respectively; volume of distribution, 0.43 ± 0.16 and 0.37 ± 0.14 liter/kg, respectively. All extended-infusion regimens achieved PTAs of\u3e90% at MICs of/liter. Only the 3-h infusion regimens given every 6 h achieved PTAs of\u3e90% at an MIC of 32 mg/liter. For susceptible bacterial pathogens, piperacillin-tazobactam doses of\u3e80/10 mg/kg given every 8 h and infused over 4 h achieve adequate pharmacodynamic exposures in critically ill children

The nation’s health care bill

During the past 50 years, spending on health care services—by households, private businesses, and state and federal governments—increased dramatically and now approaches one out of every five dollars spent in the United States. The benefits of health care spending have not been distributed equally across the population, with less going to a growing number of uninsured people. Moreover, the United States does not realize proportional value for its spending on health care. It spends more per capita than any of six other industrialized countries but ranks below them on measures of health care quality, efficiency, and equity. Unable to sustain rising contributions to health insurance, employers are shifting more of the cost to workers, thereby increasing the number who cannot afford coverage. Federal, state, and local governments have taken on some of these costs by subsidizing the health services of elderly, disabled, and poor people. Health spending, once a small fraction of the federal budget, now exceeds spending on defense or Social Security. State and local governments now devote more of their own taxes to health care than to elementary and secondary education, despite the federal government’s paying for the majority of Medicaid spending. The data in this chartbook indicate that the financial burden of health care spending presents a disproportionate burden on uninsured and sick people, small businesses, and low-wage workers. In addition to the magnitude and maldistribution of health spending, society’s “opportunity costs” are high: Private businesses, households, and state and federal governments could have made other highly productive purchases had health spending not exceeded economy-wide growth. For the government, health care spending decreases the money available for other investments, such as education, infrastructure, and debt reduction. As health costs increase and the population ages, the historical reallocation of US productive capacity to health care is unsustainable. With pressing needs elsewhere, the country must make the health system more efficient, equitable, and affordable. Passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) by Congress in 2010 was a comprehensive step to contain health care costs, particularly for families, while extending health care coverage to millions of uninsured people. The potential benefits of the ACA include better access to health professionals and prescription drugs, decreased medical debt and fewer subsequent bankruptcy filings, and lower labor costs for small businesses. Constrained health care spending will allow businesses and government to make more cost-effective investments elsewhere without raising prices or burdening taxpayers. With this chartbook as a baseline, users can monitor changes that result from the ACA and take future steps to enhance the cost-effectiveness of the US health care system.Publishe

The Role of the Legal System in the Flint Water Crisis

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155954/1/milq12457_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155954/2/milq12457.pd

Gender Disparities in Career Advancement across the Transition to Parenthood: Evidence from the Marine Corps

An online Appendix and Author disclosure statements may be found at https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20221121.The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221121We isolate the effect of childbirth on mothers' and fathers' job-relevant physical performance using data from the US Marines. We estimate event study models around the first birth. We assign "placebo births" to non-parents using LASSO-selected predictors of parenthood to estimate counterfactual trends. We find large and persistent effects of motherhood on performance. Two years postbirth, mothers' physical performance remains 0.2 standard deviations lower than non-mothers'. For fathers, the birth also initially lowers performance, but fathers are able to recover. This research demonstrates a potential mechanism behind the child penalty to mothers' earnings.We are grateful for funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Evidence for Action grant program (#77124), the Institute of Education Sciences’ Multidisciplinary Program in Education Sciences (Award #R305B140042), and Northwestern University’s Graduate Research GrantRobert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Evidence for Action grant program (#77124), the Institute of Education Sciences’ Multidisciplinary Program in Education Sciences (Award #R305B140042), and Northwestern University’s Graduate Research Gran

Promoting healthier communities through adult education: Learning Connections in action

This presentation will highlight an Adult Education initiative delivered in Cork City through collaboration between members of the Cork Learning Neighbourhoods Project. It will outline the outreach provision of the Certificate in the Mental Health in the Community and how this is delivered in non-traditional settings to achieve successful collaboration, support accessible participation in lifelong learning and build capacity in communities. The process of creating a learning space to achieve transformative learning will be outlined as well as how this programme serves to enable students to address mental health issues on a personal level, community level and beyond

ISS Live!

International Space Station Live! (ISSLive!) is a Web application that uses a proprietary commercial technology called Lightstreamer to push data across the Internet using the standard http port (port 80). ISSLive! uses the push technology to display real-time telemetry and mission timeline data from the space station in any common Web browser or Internet- enabled mobile device. ISSLive! is designed to fill a unique niche in the education and outreach areas by providing access to real-time space station data without a physical presence in the mission control center. The technology conforms to Internet standards, supports the throughput needed for real-time space station data, and is flexible enough to work on a large number of Internet-enabled devices. ISSLive! consists of two custom components: (1) a series of data adapters that resides server-side in the mission control center at Johnson Space Center, and (2) a set of public html that renders the data pushed from the data adapters. A third component, the Lightstreamer server, is commercially available from a third party and acts as an intermediary between custom components (1) and (2). Lightstreamer also provides proprietary software libraries that are required to use the custom components. At the time of this reporting, this is the first usage of Web-based, push streaming technology in the aerospace industry