Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans regulate the growth, differentiation and migration of multipotent neural precursor cells through the integrin signaling pathway

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are defined by their ability to proliferate, self-renew, and retain the potential to differentiate into neurons and glia. Deciphering the factors that regulate their behaviors will greatly aid in their use as potential therapeutic agents or targets. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are prominent components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the central nervous system (CNS) and are assumed to play important roles in controlling neuronal differentiation and development.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the present study, we demonstrated that CSPGs were constitutively expressed on the NPCs isolated from the E16 rat embryonic brain. When chondroitinase ABC was used to abolish the function of endogenous CSPGs on NPCs, it induced a series of biological responses including the proliferation, differentiation and migration of NPCs, indicating that CSPGs may play a critical role in NPC development and differentiation. Finally, we provided evidence suggesting that integrin signaling pathway may be involved in the effects of CSPGs on NPCs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study investigating the influence and mechanisms of CSPGs on the differentiation and migration of NPCs should help us to understand the basic biology of NPCs during CNS development and provide new insights into developing new strategies for the treatment of the neurological disorders in the CNS.</p

Analisa Kepuasan Konsumen Di Restaurant “X” Di Surabaya

Penelitian ini ditunjukan untuk menganalisa tingkat kesenjangan antara harapan dari konsumen terhadap Kenyataan yang diterima oleh konsumen dan mengukur tingkat kepuasan konsumen di Restoran “X” dengan menggunakan atribut DINESERV. Penelitian ini menggunakan Importance Performance Analysis(IPA). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kesenjangan antara harapan dan Kenyataan yang diukur menggunakan atribut DINESERV adalah Kenyataan yang diterima oleh konsumen sangat tidak sesuai dengan harapan konsumen dan konsumen sangat tidak puas terutama dengan atribut Convenience Restoran yaitu Jarak dari Restoran “X” di Surabay

Subcutaneous Administration of PDGF-AA Improves the Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that the transplantation of exogenous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA-overexpressing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) promotes tissue repair and recovery of neurological function in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, it remains unclear whether treatment with PDGF-AA also affects endogenous oligodendrocytes (OLs) or even neurons, thus promoting further functional recovery after SCI. In the present study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of PDGF-AA treatment by direct subcutaneous injection of PDGF-AA immediately after SCI. We demonstrated that PDGF-AA injection resulted in increased tissue sparing, myelination and functional recovery in rats following SCI. Further experimentation confirmed that PDGF-AA increased the survival of endogenous OPCs and OLs, and promoted the proliferation of OPCs and their differentiation into OLs. Moreover, PDGF-AA also protected motor neurons from death in the injured spinal cord. These results indicated that PDGF-AA administration may be an effective treatment for SCI

Observation of a ppb mass threshoud enhancement in \psi^\prime\to\pi^+\pi^-J/\psi(J/\psi\to\gamma p\bar{p}) decay

The decay channel $\psi^\prime\to\pi^+\pi^-J/\psi(J/\psi\to\gamma p\bar{p})$ is studied using a sample of $1.06\times 10^8$ $\psi^\prime$ events collected by the BESIII experiment at BEPCII. A strong enhancement at threshold is observed in the $p\bar{p}$ invariant mass spectrum. The enhancement can be fit with an $S$-wave Breit-Wigner resonance function with a resulting peak mass of $M=1861^{+6}_{-13} {\rm (stat)}^{+7}_{-26} {\rm (syst)} {\rm MeV/}c^2$ and a narrow width that is $\Gamma<38 {\rm MeV/}c^2$ at the 90% confidence level. These results are consistent with published BESII results. These mass and width values do not match with those of any known meson resonance.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Chinese Physics

A transcriptomic study of probenecid on injured spinal cords in mice

Background Recent studies have found that probenecid has neuroprotective and reparative effects on central nervous system injuries. However, its effect on genome-wide transcription in acute spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unknown. In the present study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is used to analyze the effect of probenecid on the local expression of gene transcription 8 h after spinal injury. Methods An Infinite Horizon impactor was used to perform contusive SCI in mice. The SCI model was made by using a rod (1.3 mm diameter) with a force of 50 Kdynes. Sham-operated mice only received a laminectomy without contusive injury. The injured mice were randomly assigned into either the control (SCI_C) or probenecid injection (SCI_P) group. In the latter group, the probenecid drug was intraperitoneally injected (0.5 mg/kg) immediately following injury. Eight hours after the injury or laminectomy, the spinal cords were removed from the mice in both groups. The total RNAs were extracted and purified for library preparation and transcriptome sequencing. Differential gene expressions (DEGs) of the three groups—sham, SCI_C and SCI_P—were analyzed using a DESeq software. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed using a GOseq R package and KOBAS software. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to validate RNA-Seq results. Results RNA-Seq showed that, compared to the SCI_C group, the number of DEGs was 641 in the SCI_P group (286 upregulated and 355 downregulated). According to GO analysis, DEGs were most enriched in extracellular matrix (ECM), collagen trimer, protein bounding and sequence specific DNA binding. KEGG analysis showed that the most enriched pathways included: cell adhesion molecules, Leukocyte transendothelial migration, ECM-receptor interactions, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, hematopoietic cell lineages, focal adhesions, the Rap1 signaling pathway, etc. The sequence data have been deposited into the Sequence Read Archive (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA554464)

Cyclosporin A increases recovery after spinal cord injury but does not improve myelination by oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplantation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Transplantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is an attractive therapy for demyelinating diseases. Cyclosporin A (CsA) is one of the foremost immunosuppressive agents and has widespread use in tissue and cell transplantation. However, whether CsA affects survival and differentiation of engrafted OPCs <it>in vivo </it>is unknown. In this study, the effect of CsA on morphological, functional and immunological aspects, as well as survival and differentiation of engrafted OPCs in injured spinal cord was explored.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We transplanted green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed OPCs (GFP-OPCs) into injured spinal cords of rats treated with or without CsA (10 mg/kg). Two weeks after cell transplantation, more GFP-positive cells were found in CsA-treated rats than that in vehicle-treated ones. However, the engrafted cells mostly differentiated into astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes in both groups. In the CsA-treated group, a significant decrease in spinal cord lesion volume along with increase in spared myelin and neurons were found compared to the control group. Such histological improvement correlated well with an increase in behavioral recovery. Further study suggested that CsA treatment could inhibit infiltration of T cells and activation of resident microglia and/or macrophages derived from infiltrating monocytes in injured spinal cords, which contributes to the survival of engrafted OPCs and repair of spinal cord injury (SCI).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results collectively indicate that CsA can promote the survival of engrafted OPCs in injured spinal cords, but has no effect on their differentiation. The engrafted cells mostly differentiated into astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes. The beneficial effect of CsA on SCI and the survival of engrafted cells may be attributed to its neuroprotective effect.</p

Analysis on clinical features of necrotizing autoimmune myopathy

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination features of necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (NAM). Methods According to the inclusion criteria from European Neuromuscular Center (ENMC) International Workshop on idiopathic inflammatory myopathies published in 2004, 57 patients were diagnosed as NAM from 107 patients with necrotizing myopathy (NM). The risk factors, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), skeletal muscle MRI and muscle pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Results There were more female patients than male patients (male∶female = 1.00∶1.59), with the peak onset age during 40 to 59 years old (43.86% , 25/57) in this study. Clinical types included idiopathic NAM, NAM with connective tissue disease, statin-associated NAM and NAM with cancer. Muscle weakness mainly affected proximal muscle, while it may simultaneously affect distal muscle (28.07% , 16/57). Serum creatine kinase (CK) elevated apparently (420-15 320 U/L). Serum anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) antibodies were detected in 24 out of 44 patients (54.55%). A total of 41 in 45 patients (91.11%) were detected myogenic damage on EMG, and 15 patients (33.33%, 15/45) also had spontaneous potentials. Thigh muscle MRI showed edema in 25 out of 27 patients (92.59% ) and fatty infiltration in 16 out of 27 patients (59.26% ). Other than necrotic fibers, major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC-1) on sarcolemma were positive in 98.25% (56/57) cases, and membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition on capillary walls was detected in 92.98% (53/57) cases. Conclusions NAM can happen in all ages, mainly during 40 to 59 years old. Idiopathic NAM is the main type. Its main manifestation involves weakness of proximal muscle, sometimes with distal muscle. Extra-muscle symptoms are rare. Serum anti-SRP antibodies are common in NAM and edema is prominent change in thigh MRI. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.10.009</p

Expression and localization of absent in melanoma 2 in the injured spinal cord

In traumatic brain injury, absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) has been demonstrated to be involved in pyroptotic neuronal cell death. Although the pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury is similar to that of brain injury, the expression and cellular localization of AIM2 after spinal cord injury is still not very clear. In the present study, we used a rat model of T9 spinal cord contusive injury, produced using the weight drop method. The rats were randomly divided into 1-hour, 6-hour, 1-day, 3-day and 6-day (post-injury time points) groups. Sham-operated rats only received laminectomy at T9 without contusive injury. Western blot assay revealed that the expression levels of AIM2 were not significantly different among the 1-hour, 6-hour and 1-day groups. The expression levels of AIM2 were markedly higher in the 1-hour, 6-hour and 1-day groups compared with the sham, 3-day and 7-day groups. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that AIM2 was expressed by NeuN+ (neurons), GFAP+ (astrocytes), CNPase+ (oligodendrocytes) and CD11b+ (microglia) cells in the sham-operated spinal cord. In rats with spinal cord injury, AIM2 was also found in CD45+ (leukocytes) and CD68+ (activated microglia/macrophages) cells in the spinal cord at all time points. These findings indicate that AIM2 is mainly expressed in neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes in the normal spinal cord, and that after spinal cord injury, its expression increases because of the infiltration of leukocytes and the activation of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages