8,754 research outputs found
Entanglement measures and approximate quantum error correction
It is shown that, if the loss of entanglement along a quantum channel is
sufficiently small, then approximate quantum error correction is possible,
thereby generalizing what happens for coherent information. Explicit bounds are
obtained for the entanglement of formation and the distillable entanglement,
and their validity naturally extends to other bipartite entanglement measures
in between. Robustness of derived criteria is analyzed and their tightness
compared. Finally, as a byproduct, we prove a bound quantifying how large the
gap between entanglement of formation and distillable entanglement can be for
any given finite dimensional bipartite system, thus providing a sufficient
condition for distillability in terms of entanglement of formation.Comment: 7 pages, two-columned revtex4, no figures. v1: Deeply revised and
extended version: different entanglement measures are separately considered,
references are added, and some remarks are stressed. v2: Added a sufficient
condition for distillability in terms of entanglement of formation; published
versio
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates the expression of inducible costimulator receptor ligand on CD34+ progenitor cells during differentiation into antigen presenting cells
The inducible costimulator receptor (ICOS) is a third member of the CD28 receptor family that regulates T cell activation and function. ICOS binds to a newly identified ligand on antigen presenting cells different from the CD152 ligands CD80 and CD86. We used soluble ICOSIg and a newly developed murine anti-human ICOS ligand (ICOSL) monoclonal antibody to further characterize the ICOSL during ontogeny of antigen presenting cells. In a previous study, we found that ICOSL is expressed on monocytes, dendritic cells, and B cells. To define when ICOSL is first expressed on myeloid antigen presenting cells, we examined ICOSL expression on CD34 cells in bone marrow. We found that CD34bright cells regardless of their myeloid commitment were ICOSL , whereas ICOSL was first expressed when CD34 expression diminished and the myeloid marker CD33 appeared
High-Frequency Spin Waves in YBa2Cu3O6.15
Pulsed neutron spectroscopy is used to make absolute measurements of the
dynamic magnetic susceptibility of insulating YBa2Cu3O6.15. Acoustic and
optical modes, derived from in- and out-of-phase oscillation of spins in
adjacent CuO2 planes, dominate the spectra and are observed up to 250 meV. The
optical modes appear first at 74 meV. Linear-spin-wave theory gives an
excellent description of the data and yields intra- and inter-layer exchange
constants of J_parallel =125 meV and J_perp = 11 meV respectively and a
spin-wave intensity renormalization Z_chi = 0.4.Comment: postscript, 11 pages, 4 figures, Fig.2 fixe
Plans for a Neutron EDM Experiment at SNS
The electric dipole moment of the neutron, leptons, and atoms provide a
unique window to Physics Beyond the Standard Model. We are currently developing
a new neutron EDM experiment (the nEDM Experiment). This experiment, which will
be run at the 8.9 A Neutron Line at the Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline
(FNPB) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, will search for the neutron EDM with a sensitivity two orders of
magnitude better than the present limit. In this paper, the motivation for the
experiment, the experimental method, and the present status of the experiment
are discussed.Comment: 9 Pages, 4 Figures, submitted to the proceedings of the Second
Meeting of the APS Topical Group on Hadronic Physics, Nashville, TN, October
22-24, 200
On almost randomizing channels with a short Kraus decomposition
For large d, we study quantum channels on C^d obtained by selecting randomly
N independent Kraus operators according to a probability measure mu on the
unitary group U(d). When mu is the Haar measure, we show that for
N>d/epsilon^2. For d=2^k (k qubits), this includes Kraus operators
obtained by tensoring k random Pauli matrices. The proof uses recent results on
empirical processes in Banach spaces.Comment: We added some background on geometry of Banach space
Matrix Element Distribution as a Signature of Entanglement Generation
We explore connections between an operator's matrix element distribution and
its entanglement generation. Operators with matrix element distributions
similar to those of random matrices generate states of high multi-partite
entanglement. This occurs even when other statistical properties of the
operators do not conincide with random matrices. Similarly, operators with some
statistical properties of random matrices may not exhibit random matrix element
distributions and will not produce states with high levels of multi-partite
entanglement. Finally, we show that operators with similar matrix element
distributions generate similar amounts of entanglement.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, to be published PRA, partially supersedes
quant-ph/0405053, expands quant-ph/050211
Spin Dynamics in an Ordered Stripe Phase
Inelastic neutron scattering has been used to measure the low-energy spin
excitations in the ordered charge-stripe phase of La(2)NiO(4+d) with d=0.133.
Spin-wave-like excitations disperse away from the incommensurate magnetic
superlattice points with a velocity ~60% of that in the d=0 compound.
Incommensurate inelastic peaks remain well-resolved up to at least twice the
magnetic ordering temperature. Paramagnetic scattering from a d=0.105 sample,
which has a N\'eel-ordered ground state, shows anomalies suggestive of
incipient stripe correlations. Similarities between these results and
measurements on superconducting cuprates are discussed.Comment: 5 pp, 2 col., REVTeX, 4 epsf figures embedded with psfig; Abstract
and introduction have been revise
Chronic Ankle Instability Subjects Demonstrate Lower Rate of Torque Development in Ankle Eversion, Hip Abduction Muscles Compared to Healthy, Coper Groups
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a pathological condition characterized by repeated lateral ankle sprains. Many ankle sprains are not a singular occurrence and can lead to perpetual disability, with some patients reporting repeated episodes of the ankle “giving way” during activity. CAI is multifactorial in nature, with contributors such as ligamentous laxity, strength deficit, and proprioceptive impairment (1). Each of these contributors negatively affects the muscles of the ankle complex.
Rate of torque development (RTD) is a metric demonstrating explosive muscle capability, and is related to measurement of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). RTD is a more accurate reflection of functional strength than MVIC because peak torque generally occurs 300ms or more after the onset of torque generation (2) while the time available for torque production in a functional daily movement context is generally between 50-250ms (3). RTD is generally measured within the first 200ms of the trial and therefore better captures the muscle’s ability to generate strength for daily activities.
Understanding the relationship between RTD of the ankle evertor/invertor muscles and hip abductor muscles in individuals with CAI against healthy controls will better inform rehabilitation strategies and provide a benchmark of improvement for individuals recovering from CAI. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to better understand how CAI affects the force production capabilities of the ankle evertors/invertors, as well as the hip abductors. We hypothesized that individuals with CAI would demonstrate lower RTD in all three muscle groups in comparison to healthy and coper controls. METHODS: A total of 58 males and females participated in this study, and participants were divided into three cohorts. The first was a CAI patient group, a “coper” group, defined as individuals who can return to pre-injury levels of performance after LAS, and a healthy control group. CAI individuals and LAS copers were identified using the guidelines provided by the International Ankle Consortium (4). Subject exclusion criteria included previous history of lower extremity surgery, fracture, neurological disease affecting the lower extremity, or any injury to the lower extremity in the 3 months leading up to the study. Before data was obtained participants were familiarized with experimental procedures and protocols. Signed consent was obtained from each subject prior to data collection. The study was approved by the university institutional review board (Approval number: F2019-338). The study design required two visits from the subjects. The first visit was to familiarize subjects with the ankle eversion, inversion, and hip abduction movements they would be required to perform. On this day patients were also made familiar with the Biodex dynamometer (System Pro 4, Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY; sampling rate: 100 Hz). On the second day subjects were seated on the dynamometer and performed 3 maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) of each movement. Patients were instructed to perform the movements as quickly as possible and to hold each trial for 5 seconds. Three trials were collected for each movement, with a minute separating each trial. Subjects were encouraged to give maximal effort through verbal cues. RTD and MVIC were calculated from each torque-time curve using custom code written in MatLab (MathWorks 2021a, Natick, MA). RTD was defined as the rate of change of the first 200ms of each trial; MVIC was defined as the peak value of each trial. RTD and MVIC values were averaged for each subject. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in sex, age, height, or mass were detected among subjects (Table 1). Table 2 shows mean RTD for each group for the ankle eversion, inversion, and hip abduction movements. Notable results from Table 2 include the finding that CAI patients demonstrated significantly lower RTD than healthy controls (p = .02) and lower RTD than LAS copers (p = .03). Furthermore, CAI patients showed lower hip abductor RTD than healthy controls (p = .04). Table 3 shows MVIC data for each group for each movement and demonstrates that CAI patients showed significantly lower MVIC of the ankle eversion muscles than healthy controls (p = .02). No statistically significant differences in any strength metrics were detected between LAS copers and healthy controls, nor were there differences detected between groups in the ankle inversion movement. DISCUSSION: The primary finding from this study was that CAI ankle eversion RTD was significantly lower than RTD in healthy controls. This is significant because it provides insight on the adverse effects of repeated LAS on the muscles of the ankle complex. One of the factors determining RTD is the force transmission capabilities of the tendinous structures (10), and it is possible that the stretching of the ankle ligaments during LAS negatively affects its ability to efficiently transmit force generated from the muscle.
Given the correlation between CAI patients and decreased RTD of ankle eversion muscles, it is possible that focusing on improvement in RTD of this muscle group could improve CAI symptoms. Numerous studies have focused on modalities targeted at improving RTD of the leg extensors muscle groups with generally positive results (5, 9), the majority of which include protocols that would be easily modifiable to the ankle eversion muscle group.
Another notable finding from this study was that RTD of the hip abductors in the CAI group was significantly less than that of the healthy group. Although studies exist that have measured maximal hip abduction isometric strength in CAI groups, to our knowledge this is the first study analyzing the RTD of hip abduction. Our findings of deficits in hip abduction strength coincide with those of previous studies (6-8). Whether deficits in hip abduction strength increase potential for LAS or arise as a result of CAI is unclear, but it is becoming evident that the two factors are related. This is a promising area of CAI research and further study is required to fully elucidate the relationship between CAI and hip abductor strength. CONCLUSION: RTD of the ankle evertors in individuals with CAI is significantly lower than in LAS copers and healthy controls. Additionally, CAI patients demonstrated significantly lower RTD in hip abduction than healthy controls. While the need for exploring muscle force production capabilities in individuals with CAI persists, we suggest exploring modalities targeted at improving ankle eversion and hip abduction strength in patients with CAI. It is possible that improving strength in these areas will help return CAI patients to pre-injury levels of function and further our understanding of CAI
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