The North Wyke Farm Platform: effect of temperate grassland farming systems on soil moisture contents, runoff and associated water quality dynamics

This is the final version of the article. Available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.The North Wyke Farm Platform was established as a United Kingdom national capability for collaborative research, training and knowledge exchange in agro-environmental sciences. Its remit is to research agricultural productivity and ecosystem responses to different management practices for beef and sheep production in lowland grasslands. A system based on permanent pasture was implemented on three 21-ha farmlets to obtain baseline data on hydrology, nutrient cycling and productivity for 2 years. Since then two farmlets have been modified by either (i) planned reseeding with grasses that have been bred for enhanced sugar content or deep-rooting traits or (ii) sowing grass and legume mixtures to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs. The quantities of nutrients that enter, cycle within and leave the farmlets were evaluated with data recorded from sensor technologies coupled with more traditional field study methods. We demonstrate the potential of the farm platform approach with a case study in which we investigate the effects of the weather, field topography and farm management activity on surface runoff and associated pollutant or nutrient loss from soil. We have the opportunity to do a full nutrient cycling analysis, taking account of nutrient transformations in soil, and flows to water and losses to air. The NWFP monitoring system is unique in both scale and scope for a managed land-based capability that brings together several technologies that allow the effect of temperate grassland farming systems on soil moisture levels, runoff and associated water quality dynamics to be studied in detail. HIGHLIGHTS: Can meat production systems be developed that are productive yet minimize losses to the environment?The data are from an intensively instrumented capability, which is globally unique and topical.We use sensing technologies and surveys to show the effect of pasture renewal on nutrient losses.Platforms provide evidence of the effect of meteorology, topography and farm activity on nutrient loss.The North Wyke Farm Platform is a UK National Capability supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC BB/J004308/1)

Roles of instrumented farm-scale trials in trade-off assessments of pasture-based ruminant production systems

For livestock production systems to play a positive role in global food security, the balance between their benefits and disbenefits to society must be appropriately managed. Based on the evidence provided by field-scale randomised controlled trials around the world, this debate has traditionally centred on the concept of economic-environmental trade-offs, of which existence is theoretically assured when resource allocation is perfect on the farm. Recent research conducted on commercial farms indicates, however, that the economic-environmental nexus is not nearly as straightforward in the real world, with environmental performances of enterprises often positively correlated with their economic profitability. Using high-resolution primary data from the North Wyke Farm Platform, an intensively instrumented farm-scale ruminant research facility located in southwest United Kingdom, this paper proposes a novel, information-driven approach to carry out comprehensive assessments of economic-environmental trade-offs inherent within pasture-based cattle and sheep production systems. The results of a data-mining exercise suggest that a potentially systematic interaction exists between 'soil health', ecological surroundings and livestock grazing, whereby a higher level of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock is associated with a better animal performance and less nutrient losses into watercourses, and a higher stocking density with greater botanical diversity and elevated SOC. We contend that a combination of farming system-wide trials and environmental instrumentation provides an ideal setting for enrolling scientifically sound and biologically informative metrics for agricultural sustainability, through which agricultural producers could obtain guidance to manage soils, water, pasture and livestock in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner. Priority areas for future farm-scale research to ensure long-term sustainability are also discussed

High temporal resolution monitoring of multiple pollutant responses in drainage from an intensively managed grassland catchment caused by a summer storm

This work presents data on a suite of diffuse pollutants, monitored in a stream draining an intensively managed grassland on a 30 min time step during a period of intense rainfall to better understand their sources and pathways. Nitrite (92 mu g l(-1)), particulate phosphorus (107 mu g l(-1)) and soluble phosphorus (74 mu g l(-1)) exceeded environmental limits during base flow. Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were decreased during the storm event, whereas all other pollutants generally increased and exceeded environmental limits where specified, especially when associated with a small subsidiary hydrograph on the rising limb of the main hydrograph. Total pollutants loads, when using a 60 min sampling frequency, would have led to significant over and under-estimations depending on which 60 min sample set was used. In the worst case, loads of ammonium could have been under-estimated by 35% or over estimated by 25% with errors being associated with loads on the rising limb of the hydrograph and more specifically a small subsidiary hydrograph. This subsidiary hydrograph may have occurred as a result of runoff from the farm hard standings within the catchment. Incidental transfer of pollutants associate with this runoff have masked the overall grassland pollutant response. To better understand these different source areas and pollutant dynamics, there is a need for novel tracing techniques to elucidate their relative contribution and pathways

Processamento auditivo em idosos: estudo da interação por meio de testes com estímulos verbais e não-verbais Auditory processing in elderly people: interaction study by means of verbal and nonverbal stimuli

Em função do processo de envelhecimento, surge a perda auditiva, conhecida como presbiacusia que, além da perda auditiva, é acompanhada por um declínio do funcionamento auditivo. OBJETIVO: caracterizar o aspecto da interação de sons verbais e não-verbais em idosos com e sem perda auditiva por meio dos testes de Localização Sonora em Cinco Direções, Fusão Binaural e do Teste Pediátrico de Inteligibilidade de Fala em escuta Monótica (Pediatric Sentence Identification - PSI-MCI), levando em conta cada procedimento e o grau da perda auditiva. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo clínico com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 110 idosos, na faixa etária dos 60 a 85 anos com audição normal ou com perda auditiva neurossensorial de grau até moderadamente-severo simétrica foram incluídos neste estudo. O comportamento auditivo comum a todos os testes selecionados foi denominado de interação. A análise foi feita por procedimento isolado e pelo grau da perda auditiva. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram mais indivíduos com inabilidade no teste de Fusão Binaural. Os procedimentos que apresentaram uma dependência estatisticamente significante com o grau da perda auditiva foram o teste de Localização Sonora e PSI-MCI (-10). CONCLUSÃO: Idosos apresentam dificuldade no processo de interação binaural quando a informação auditiva não está completa. O grau da perda auditiva interferiu principalmente no comportamentos auditivo de localização.<br>Presbyacusis is a hearing loss combined with functional auditory decline due to the aging process. AIM: The aim of this study is to characterize verbal and nonverbal sound interaction aspects in elderly individuals with and without hearing loss by means of Binaural Fusion Test, Sound Localization Test at five directions and Pediatric Sentence Identification (PSI), taking into consideration each procedure and hearing loss magnitude. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study with transversal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A number of 110 elderly individuals, aged between 60 to 85 years, with normal hearing and with symmetric neurossensorial hearing loss up to moderately severe hearing impairment participated in this study. The common auditory behavior for all the selected tests was nominated as interaction. The analysis was performed by means of a single procedure and also based on audiometric magnitude. RESULTS: There were more individuals that failed the Binaural Fusion Test. The procedures that showed significant statistical dependency on the audiometric magnitude groups were Sound Localization Test, Temporal Lateralization Test and PSI-MCI (-10) Test. CONCLUSION: Elderly individuals present difficulty in the binaural interaction process when the auditory information is not complete. The magnitude of the hearing loss interfered specially in the localization auditory behavior

The Taxonomic Status of Mazama bricenii and the Significance of the Táchira Depression for Mammalian Endemism in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela.

We studied the taxonomy and biogeography of Mazama bricenii, a brocket deer classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, drawing on qualitative and quantitative morphology and sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene. We used Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) to evaluate the hypothesis that M. bricenii of the Venezuelan Cordillera de Mérida (CM) might have become isolated from populations of its putative sister species, Mazama rufina, in the Colombian Cordillera Oriental (CO). This hypothesis assumes that warm, dry climatic conditions in the Táchira Depression were unsuitable for the species. Our analyses did not reveal morphological differences between specimens geographically attributable to M. bricenii and M. rufina, and phylogenetic analyses of molecular data recovered M. bricenii nested within the diversity of M. rufina. These results indicate that M. bricenii should be regarded as a junior synonym of M. rufina. ENM analyses revealed the existence of suitable climatic conditions for M. rufina in the Táchira Depression during the last glacial maximum and even at present, suggesting that gene flow between populations in the CO and CM may have occurred until at least the beginning of the current interglacial period and may continue today. Because this pattern might characterize other mammals currently considered endemic to the CM, we examined which of these species match two criteria that we propose herein to estimate if they can be regarded as endemic to the CM with confidence: (1) that morphological or molecular evidence exists indicating that the putative endemic taxon is distinctive from congeneric populations in the CO; and (2) that the putative endemic taxon is restricted to either cloud forest or páramo, or both. Only Aepeomys reigi, Cryptotis meridensis, and Nasuella meridensis matched both criteria; hence, additional research is necessary to assess the true taxonomic status and distribution of the remaining species thought to be CM endemics