Properties of lift-off structured high Tc microbridges

Microbridges and DC SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) were fabricated, using a lift-off technique, from RF sputtered YBaCuO films on MgO single-crystal substrates. Microwave measurements at 9 GHz on microbridges and the magnetic-field dependence of their critical current reveal wide bridge behaviour up to temperatures near the maximum operating temperature of the bridge. Mostly, a linear dependence of the critical current on the temperature is found, which is connected with high intrinsic 1/f noise if the bridge is constant-current-biased slightly above the critical current. In some bridges and DC SQUIDs, regimes with a temperature dependence proportional to (1-T/Tc)1.5 are found. In this case the 1/f noise level is much smaller and SQUID modulation can be followed to about 65

Solving the characteristic initial value problem for colliding plane gravitational and electromagnetic waves

A method is presented for solving the characteristic initial value problem for the collision and subsequent nonlinear interaction of plane gravitational or gravitational and electromagnetic waves in a Minkowski background. This method generalizes the monodromy transform approach to fields with nonanalytic behaviour on the characteristics inherent to waves with distinct wave fronts. The crux of the method is in a reformulation of the main nonlinear symmetry reduced field equations as linear integral equations whose solutions are determined by generalized (``dynamical'') monodromy data which evolve from data specified on the initial characteristics (the wavefronts).Comment: 4 pages, RevTe

ARXPS-studies ofcˆ-axis textured YBa2Cu3Ox-films

YBa2Cu3Ox sputter deposited cold on MgO grows in O2 annealing epitaxially to a transparent, superconducting film with Tc 80K. The unscraped surfaces of these films are smooth showing XPS lines changing with photoelectron take-off angle. This enhanced data base allows to separate the different chemical compounds (hydroxide, peroxide, carbonate, carboxyle, cuprate, graphite ...) and to obtain their spatial distribution. This yields the compounds, their amount and distribution making up the cinder growing with O2-anneal at internal and external surfaces. The cinder stoichiometry gives insights in the chemistry going on in O2 annealing. Below the cinder the signature ofcˆ-axis oriented YBa2Cu3Ox is identified, showing that a Ba-oxide layer forms the stable surface. This coats insulating CuO2 and Y-oxide layers yielding so an intrinsic dead layer

The pasteurization of milk in the final package

In the work reported in this bulletin an effort was made to determine the most favorable vat temperature and time of exposure for final package pasteurization. The only type of cap used was the Dacro cap, although; probably in a general way the results would be applicable also to other packages used for pasteurizing. The points considered in the determination were bacterial efficiency, creaming ability and the heated flavor produced. High pasteurization temperatures are undesirable because of the reduced creaming ability and marked heated flavor of milk so treated

Iowa Educational Market Milk Contest

According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the firnt milk and cream contest In this country was held at the National Dairy Show at Chicago In 1906. Since that time such contests have been held in conjunction with various dairy shows, fairs and other meetings, such as campaigns for the improvement of city milk supplies, In which milk producers and dealers were Interested; up to February, 1915, 87 such contests had been judged by members of the Dairy division or the United States Department or Agriculture. In general, it is believed that these contests have been of distinct service from an educational standpoint In teaching exhibitors the ad· vantages or disadvantages of various methods of handling milk, altho It Is recognized that commonly the attention given to the exhibited milk or cream is not given to the general supply. The Dairy department of Iowa State college held its first educational market milk contest December 2.J, 1914, in connection with Its annual short course. Previous studies had shown that much of the milk (both raw and pasteurized) sold In the state was not of the quality it should be and the contest was proposed as a means of stimulating its Improvement

Land Donations and the Gift of Water. On Temple Landlordism and Irrigation Agriculture in Pre-Colonial Bali

The Batur Temple (Pura Ulun Danu Batur) in Kintamani is located at the geographic apex of a so-called ritual water hierarchy and has conventionally been described as a purely religious institution responsible for the coordination and distribution of the irrigation water. However, an analysis of historical palm leaf manuscripts reveals that the temple had a firm economic base with corresponding interests and that it was one of the most important land-owners in late pre-colonial Bali. The article therefore explores from a socio-political and economic perspective the implications of this form of temple landlordism and its combination with ritual water control, particularly for the peasants and the portion of their annual surplus that they were obliged to deliver to this temple