Synthesis, Characterization and Biocompatibility of Plant-Oil Based Hydrogels

DergiPark: 925742trkjnatBiyouyumlu hidrojeller, doku iskeleleri, ilaç taşıyıcı sitemler ve biyosensörler dahil olmak üzere çeşitli biyomedikal uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadırlar. Biyomedikal uygulamaların sayısı ve biyomalzemelere olan ihtiyaç arttıkça hidrojel sentezinde kullanılacak yeni ve işlevsel monomerlere olan talep artmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, yenilenebilir malzemelerden özgün hidrojeller geliştirmektir. Yenilenebilir malzeme olarak bitkisel yağ bazlı bir monomer olan akrillenmiş metil risinoleat kullanılmıştır. Akrillenmiş metil risinoleat / N-izopropil akrilamid mol oranının hidrojellerin yapısal özellikleri, termal dayanıklılıkları ve in vitro sitotoksisiteleri üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Hidrojellerin yapısal özelliklerini karakterize etmek için FTIR spektroskopisi kullanılırken, termal özellikleri karakterize etmek için TGA kullanılmıştır. HEK293 ve Cos-7 hücre hatları, monomerlerin ve hidrojellerin sitotoksisitesini test etmek için kullanılmıştır. Akrillenmiş metil risinoleat ve N-izopropil akrilamid için IC50 değerlerinin 25 mg/mL'den büyük olduğu bulunmuştur. %50 veya daha fazla akrillenmiş metil risinoleat içeren hidrojellerin hücre canlılığı %60'ın üzerinde iken, hidrojellerin biyouyumluluğu, akrillenmiş metil risinoleatın hidrojel içerisindeki mol oranı azaldıkça azalmaktadır. Hücreler, hidrojellerin bozunma ürünlerinde inkübe edildiklerinde minimum %80 canlılık göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, çevre dostu bir sentez yöntemi geliştirilmiş olup, biyomedikal uygulamalarda kullanılmak üzere yenilenebilir malzemelerden özgün biyouyumlu hidrojeller üretilmiştir. Biocompatible hydrogels are used in a variety of biomedical applications, including tissue scaffolds, drug delivery systems, lab/organ-on-a-chips, biosensors, cell-culture studies and contact lenses. The demand for novel and functional monomers to be used in hydrogel synthesis is increasing as the number of biomedical applications and need for biomaterials increase. The purpose of the study was to develop novel hydrogels from renewable materials. Acrylated methyl ricinoleate, a plant oil-based monomer, was used as the renewable material. The effects of acrylated methyl ricinoleate/N-isopropyl acrylamide molar ratio on hydrogel structural properties, thermal stability and in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the structural properties of the hydrogels, while TGA was used to characterize the thermal properties. HEK293 and Cos-7 cell lines were used to test the cytotoxicity of the monomers and hydrogels. IC50 values for acrylated methyl ricinoleate and N-isopropyl acrylamide were found to be greater than 25 mg/mL. Cell viability of hydrogels containing 50% or more acrylated methyl ricinoleate was greater than 60%, while hydrogel biocompatibility decreased with decreasing molar ratio of acrylated methyl ricinoleate. Cells showed a minimum viability of 80% when incubated in hydrogel degradation products. An environmentally friendly synthesis method was developed and novel biocompatible hydrogels from renewable materials were produced for biomedical applications.

A note on deltaalpha−I−opendelta alpha -I-open setssets and semiast−I−opensemi^{ast }-I-open % sets

In this paper, we investigated some properties of a $delta alpha -I-open$ $set$ $left[ 6right]$ and a $semi^{ast }-I-open$ $set$ $left[ 6right]$ in ideal topological spaces$.$ Moreover, the relationships of other related classes of sets are investigated. Also, a new decomposition of continuous functions is obtained by using $delta -beta -I-$textit{continuous} and $$ functions

Sıcaklığa Duyarlı PNIPAM Hidrojellerde Çapraz Bağlayıcı ve Başlatıcı Sisteminin Karşılaştırılması

Thermoresponsive hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks which undergo conformational changes in aqueous media depending on the external temperature. As the lower critical temperature (LCST) is close to the body temperature, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is the main thermoresponsive hydrogel used for biomedical applications. Below LCST, PNIPAM hydrogels swell in aqueous media, above LCST they become insoluble and shrink. This behavior makes it possible to design drug release systems controlled by external temperature. Swelling/shrinking response of PNIPAM hydrogel depends on several factors such as crosslinker type, crosslinking density, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and initiator type. In this study, the effects of the initiation system and the crosslinker type on different thermoresponsive hydrogels were compared. For this purpose, thermoresponsive hydrogels were synthesized by using ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) and N,N′-ethylene bisacrylamide (EBAM) as crosslinkers via photo and thermal initiation systems. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Effects of the initiation system and the crosslinker type on the release, swelling behavior, morphology and the biocompatibility behavior of the hydrogels were investigated. The hydrogels synthesized with EBAM demonstrated more promising results compared to the one synthesized EGDMA. It was concluded that poly(EBAM-co-NIPAM)-P has the highest swelling ratio and poly(EBAM-co-NIPAM)-T is the most biocompatible hydrogel. In terms of release characteristics, there was not a significant difference between the hydrogels, even though their swelling characteristics differ

Ultra-Facile Fabrication of Hydrogels through Photopolymerization of Oleyl Methacrylate and Epoxidized Oleyl Methacrylate with N-Isopropylacrylamide

This study reports an ultra-facile, economical, and environmentally friendly hydrogel synthesis method using renewable raw materials. The synthesis and photopolymerization of oleyl methacrylate (OM) and the epoxidized derivative of OM monomers are evaluated. In the first step, oleyl alcohol is esterified with methacryloyl chloride and then epoxidized via the Prilezhaev reaction. These monomers are used for hydrogel synthesis. For this purpose, they are polymerized with N-isopropyl acrylamide, N,N-methylene bis(acrylamide), or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDGMA) via the photopolymerization technique. Novel hydrogels are successfully fabricated using a green process. Epoxidized OM-based hydrogel achieves an excellent yield of 87.1%. Moreover, low-energy UV irradiation and short reaction times reduces energy consumption. The thermal properties of the gels are also considered by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. DSC results reveal that the epoxidized OM-based hydrogel exhibits a melting peak at 84.5 °C. The highest 5% weight loss temperature is obtained for the OM-EDGMA copolymer as an indicator of thermal stability. © 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH

Comparison of Crosslinker Types and Initiation Systems of Thermoresponsive PNIPAM Hydrogels

Thermoresponsive hydrogels are three-dimensional polymer networks which undergo conformational changes in aqueous media depending on the external temperature. As the lower critical temperature (LCST) is close to the body temperature, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is the main thermoresponsive hydrogel used for biomedical applications. Below LCST, PNIPAM hydrogels swell in aqueous media, above LCST they become insoluble and shrink. This behavior makes it possible to design drug release systems controlled by external temperature. Swelling/shrinking response of PNIPAM hydrogel depends on several factors such as crosslinker type, crosslinking density, hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and initiator type. In this study, the effects of the initiation system and the crosslinker type on different thermoresponsive hydrogels were compared. For this purpose, thermoresponsive hydrogels were synthesized by using ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) and N,N′-ethylene bisacrylamide (EBAM) as crosslinkers via photo and thermal initiation systems. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Effects of the initiation system and the crosslinker type on the release, swelling behavior, morphology and the biocompatibility behavior of the hydrogels were investigated. The hydrogels synthesized with EBAM demonstrated more promising results compared to the one synthesized EGDMA. It was concluded that poly(EBAM-co-NIPAM)-P has the highest swelling ratio and poly(EBAM-co-NIPAM)-T is the most biocompatible hydrogel. In terms of release characteristics, there was not a significant difference between the hydrogels, even though their swelling characteristics differ