Pharmacological studies on acetylcholine and other transmitter receptors from invertebrate muscle and central neurones

Muscle tension recordings were made from earthworm body wall muscle and the action of acetylcholine, cholinomimtics and cholinolytics examined. The effect of cholinergic agents on muscle twitches induced following field stimulation was also investigated. Carbachol was 8 times more active than acetylcholine in the presence of physostigmine.α-Bungarotoxin, d-tubocurarine, gallamine, atropine, mecamylamine and hexamethonium reduced both electrical stimulation of the muscle and the acetylcholine response while β-bungarotoxin reduced the electrically induced twitch but enhanced the acetylcholine contraction. 0.4µM Hemicholinium abolished the electrically induced twitch while having no effect on the acetylcholine response, but at 4.0µM, did reduce the acetylcholine response. These results provide further evidence for cholinergic excitatory innervation of earthworm body wall muscle.Intracellular recordings were made from identifiable central neurones of Helix aspersa and the action of anthelmintic compounds investigated. The anthelmintics pyrantel, morantel and deacylated amidantel mimicked acetylcholine induced excitation"D" and inhibition "H" had the same ionic mechanism and were blocked by d-tubocurarine. This suggests these compounds interact with acetylcholine receptors on Helix neurones. Levamisole only inhibited the activity.A series of glutamate analogues was tested on Helix neurones which were either excited or inhibited by Lglutamate. The only analogue with clear glutamate-like activity was thio-glutamic acid. In normal saline Lglutamate hyperpolarises the membrane potential of cell F-1. This event is chloride mediated and is reversed to a depolarisation followed by hyperpolarisation in low external chloride. This afterhyperpolarisation is reduced in sodium or potassium free saline or following application of strophanthidin, 1.0-100µM.The local anaesthetics procaine and tetracaine mimicked the "H" and "D" effects of acetylcholine on certain neurones. Tetracaine, 0.01µM, gradually and reversibly reduced both "H" and "D" responses of acetylcholine and the "H" response to dopamine. This provides evidence that local anaesthetics can interact with responses linked to chloride, sodium and potassium ion channels

Investigation on tin concentration dependence of solution processed indium oxide thin film

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis using a very low concentration of indium precursor. The spray process parameter like the concentration of SnO precursor in spray solution,  have been optimized for obtaining optically transparent, structure and device-quality ITO films. The material properties are reported by studying the structural and optical properties of the ITO films prepared at a relatively lower temperature of 574K. The surface morphology has been studied by atomic force microscopy it was found ITO films have nanostructured. The grain size and the roughness of the films doping concentration 2%, 4% and 6% was (76, 87 and 127)nm and (0.969, 2.56 and 1.61)nm respectively. The concentration rate 2% produces an overall shift to lower photon energies of the optical constant spectra and the optical transmission of greater than 85%, which is related to the increase in electrical resistivity. Characterization of ITO on glass and silicon has shown that increasing the concentration rate will increase in the optical band gap of the ITO films. Samples deposited at doping concentration 2%, 4% and 6% the optical gaps of 3.74 eV, 3.9 eV and 3.73 eV respectively. Keyword: Indium tin oxide, spray pyrolysis, optical properties and nanostructure propertie

Corrosion Behavior of Diffusion Bonding Joints of (OFHC) Copper with Stainless Steel 304L in 3.5% NaCl

The present work deals with direct diffusion bonding welding without interlayer of austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304L with Oxygen Free High Conductivity pure copper (OFHC) in vacuum atmosphere (1.5 *10-5 mbr.). The optimum bonding conditions are temperature of 650 ◦C, duration time of 45 min. and the applied stress of 30 MPa, in order to secure a tight contact between the mating surfaces. The corrosion behavior of diffusion bonding joints in 3.5% Nacl is studied to evaluate the corrosion resistance of welding joints by using Potentiodynamic method. The observed microstructure of corroded specimen of optimum diffusion bonding joint shows that the corrosion current density has low value as compared with base materials used. During polarization, galvanic coupling is observed between two materials used. At passivity region, inverse polarity is occurred at 450mV. Therefore, passive stainless steel 304 L behaves as cathode respective to pure copper, the corrosion behavior of the diffusion bonding joint was mostly by copper side. The corrosion results indicate the presence of galvanic effect. The corrosion current density of copper, stainless steel 304L and bond joints condition were (3.66 µA/cm2, 1.62 µA/cm2 and 1.85µA/cm2) respectively. A SEM examination of corroded diffusion bonding joint indicates that the galvanic corrosion happened on copper side. The corrosion rate of bonding joint conditions was 0.85 mpy, which is less than 1%. This means that corrosion resistance of bond joint is more than excellent

Enhancing flame flashback resistance against Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown and Boundary Layer Flashback in swirl burners

Swirl combustors have proven to be effective flame stabilisers over a wide range of operation conditions thanks to the formation of well-known swirl coherent structures. However, their employment for lean premixed combustion modes while introducing alternative fuels such as high hydrogenated blends results in many combustion instabilities. Under these conditions, flame flashback is considered one of the major instability problems that have the potential of causing considerable damage to combustion systems hardware in addition to the significant increase in pollutant levels. Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown is considered a very particular mode of flashback instability in swirling flows as this type of flashback occurs even when the fresh mixture velocity is higher than the flame speed, a consequence of the interaction between swirl structures and swirl burner geometries. Improvements in burner geometries and manipulation of swirling flows can increase resistance against this type of flashback. However, increasing resistance against Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown can lead to augmentation in the propensity of another flashback mechanism, Boundary Layer Flashback. Thus, this paper presents an experimental approach of a combination of techniques that increase Combustion Induced Vortex Breakdown resistance, i.e. by repositioning a central injector and using central air injection, while simultaneously avoiding Boundary Layer Flashback, i.e. by changing the wall boundary layer characteristics using microsurfaces on the nozzle wall. Results show that using these techniques together has promising potentials regarding wider stable operation for swirl combustors, enabling them to burn a broader variety of fuel blends safely, while informing developers of the improvements obtained with the combined techniques

Pharmacological studies on acetycholine and other transmitter receptors from invertbrate muscle and central neurones

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The Aesthetics of Form and Theme in the Products of Qajar Ceramics

لقد أصبح من البديهيات اعتبار الشكل نوعا من (ملحق زخرفي) يوفر قيمة ترفيهية جمالية بينما كانت عملية الإرشاد التي ترتبط بالمضمون تسير قدما وفق ماهو مخطط لها, لقد أضحى الشكل الوعاء الذي يصب فيه المضمون، ونظريا كان الوعاء ذاته قادرا على استقبال مضامين عدة, فإذا حدث تغيير في الشكل كان ذلك استجابة لمقتضيات المضمون. هذا يدل على قوة الترابط بين الشكل والمضمون في المنجز الفني الجمالي, الذي بان أثره في الفنون القاجارية، المتمثلة بالخزفيات التي مثلت البعد الجمالي على المستويين (الشكل والمضمون) من هنا جاءت الدراسة (جماليات الشكل والمضمون في نتاجات الخزف القاجاري) التي تضم أربعة فصول: خصص الفصل الأول منها لبيان مشكلة البحث التي تم تلخيصها في إمكانية الإجابة على السؤال الآتي: ما هي جماليات الشكل والمضمون في نتاجات الخزف القاجاري؟ وتضمن الفصل الأول الإشارة إلى أهمية البحث والحاجة إليه، وتحديد أهم المصطلحات، وتضمن هذا الفصل أيضاً هدف البحث بـ: (تعرف جماليات الشكل والمضمون في نتاجات الخزف القاجاري)، وتضمن الفصل حدود البحث بدراسة الأعمال الفنية القاجارية، ضمن المدة الزمنية(1779-1925م). أما الفصل الثاني فقد خصص للإطار النظري وأهم المؤشرات، حيث تضمن مبحثين: عني أولها بتقصي مفهوم الجمال، والآخر بدراسة الشكل والمضمون في الفن, أما الفصل الثالث فقد تضمن إجراءات البحث تم فيها تحديد مجتمع البحث البالغ عدده (15) عملاً, وعينة البحث وطريقة اختيارها مع أداة تحليل العينة وتحديد منهج البحث (المنهج الوصفي) ومن ثم تحليل عينة البحث المتكونة من (3) نماذج، في حين خصص الفصل الرابع لاستعراض النتائج والاستنتاجات والتوصيات، ومن أهم النتائج: ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها هذه الدراسة: ان لجمالية الشكل والمضمون في مشاهد الخزف القاجاري, سمتين:- أ- بانت جمالية الشكل والمضمون عبر التحول من نظام شكلي سابق إلى نظام بنائي جديد وفق رؤية جديدة, تحكمها آليات بناء (عناصر: خط, أون, انسجام) وعلاقات وأهم الاستنتاجات: إستمرار الفن في هذه المدة على نهج وخصائص الفن الإسلامي وفق مبدأ التسطيح. ظهور طابع البهرجة والتزويق والزهور, الذي بان أثرها على الأزياء. وأعقبها التوصيات والمقترحات فقائمة المصادر والمراجع.  It has become axioms to consider the shape as a kind of (a decorative accessory) that provides an aesthetic entertainment value, while the guidance process that is related to the content was moving forward according to what was planned. A change in form occurred in response to the requirements of the content. This indicates the strength of the interrelationship between form and content in the aesthetic artistic achievement, which has shown its impact in the Qajar arts, represented by the ceramics that represented the aesthetic dimension on both levels (form and content) from here came the study (the aesthetics of form and content in the products of Qajar ceramics), which includes four chapters, The first chapter is devoted to clarifying the research problem, which is summarized in the possibility of answering the following question: What are the aesthetics of form and content in the products of Qajar ceramics? The first chapter also included a reference to the importance of the research and the need for it, and the identification of the most important terms. (1779-1925 AD). As for the second chapter, it was devoted to the theoretical framework and the most important indicators, as it included two chapters, the first of which examined the concept of beauty, and the other was a study of form and content in art. With the sample analysis tool and defining the research method (descriptive approach) and then analyzing the research sample consisting of (3) models, while the fourth chapter is devoted to reviewing the results, conclusions and recommendations, and the most important results are: Among the most important findings of this study: 1.The aesthetics of form and content in the Qajar ceramic scenes have two characteristics: A- She showed the aesthetics of form and content through the transformation from a previous formal system to a new structural system according to a new vision, governed by building mechanisms (elements: line, on, harmony) and relationships and the most important conclusions: 1.Art continued in this period on the approach and characteristics of Islamic art according to the principle of flatness. 2.The appearance of glamor, adornment and flowers, which showed its effect on fashion. Followed by recommendations and suggestions, a list of sources and references

A Novel Method of Extraction and Purification of Bacterial DNA for PCR Detection of MecA, 16SrRNA, VanB

Bacteria are the main pest of nosocomial infections in healthcare facilities around the world. The aim of this study is to modify and minimize the amount of time, while still having no influence on the extraction's purity of DNA the method of extracting the DNA molecule and compare it with other methods that take longer to extract and purify DNA. This study examined two processes for isolating DNA from Gram-positive bacterial species: a boiling method and an enzymatic method that took one hour. In addition, the collected DNA was subjected to spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, and PCR for both quantitative and qualitative examination. The results presented in this work show that boiling method pretreatment facilitates efficient cell lysis and DNA extraction, leading to increased yields of isolated bacterial DNA. In addition, DNA suitability for PCR-based identification of mecA,16SrRNA, VanB to Gram positive S. aureus strains was analyzed. Our findings demonstrated that the DNA generated by this simple approach is low-cost, quick, and safe, and that the process may be utilized in PCR methods on a wide range of gram-positive and gram negative species, as well as in laboratories without the necessary materials, tools, or technolog

Detection of some virulence factors with Biochemical investigation of Listeria monocytogenes associated with human infections.

This study was aimed to detect different virulence genes that might be present in the Listeria monocytogenes. 50 clinical samples were gathered from patients with different sites like (stool, urine and blood). Though, only (22) isolates were contained L.monocytogenes using conventional and traditional techniques. Strains were isolated with the following approach 8 (36%), 6 (27%), and 8 (36%) from human intestine (stool), urine, and blood samples respectively

A Novel Method of Extraction and Purification of Bacterial DNA for PCR Detection of MecA, 16SrRNA, VanB

Bacteria are the main pest of nosocomial infections in healthcare facilities around the world. The aim of this study is to modify and minimize the amount of time, while still having no influence on the extraction's purity of DNA the method of extracting the DNA molecule and compare it with other methods that take longer to extract and purify DNA. This study examined two processes for isolating DNA from Gram-positive bacterial species: a boiling method and an enzymatic method that took one hour. In addition, the collected DNA was subjected to spectrophotometry, agarose gel electrophoresis, and PCR for both quantitative and qualitative examination. The results presented in this work show that boiling method pretreatment facilitates efficient cell lysis and DNA extraction, leading to increased yields of isolated bacterial DNA. In addition, DNA suitability for PCR-based identification of mecA,16SrRNA, VanB to Gram positive S. aureus strains was analyzed. Our findings demonstrated that the DNA generated by this simple approach is low-cost, quick, and safe, and that the process may be utilized in PCR methods on a wide range of gram-positive and gram negative species, as well as in laboratories without the necessary materials, tools, or technolog