STRATEGY FOR THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The industrialization of livestock products, including dairy farming, is one of the important issues in the context of population growth and global climate change. Also, a number of problems, such as meeting the population's demand for quality food and ensuring food safety, require the application of scientific achievements to the sector and increase investment attractiveness. Milk production in our republic poses a difficult question of introducing industrial technologies to animal husbandry while fully meeting the demands of the domestic market. If we take into account that 85% of the milk produced in our republic is produced by farmers' farms, we can understand that the intensification of the dairy sector is significantly complicated. At the same time, it is possible to reduce the cost of products and rational use of resources by improving the activity of livestock farmers

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BLUEBERRY VARIETIES PLANTS INTRODUCED IN THE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF TASHKENT REGION

The duration of the growing season of blueberry varieties, which are introduced into the conditions of the central climate of Uzbekistan, is in the range of 213-221 days. In this case, the shortest period is 213 days in the Toro and Darrou varieties, the longest period is 220-221 days in the Patriot and Legasi varieties, and the duration of the growing season of the remaining varieties is in the range of 215-218 day

UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS IN GENE REGULATION A MOLECULAR GENETICS PERSPECTIVE

Epigenetic modifications is very crucial in managing on/off switch of the genes, and the kind of cell that is being built. The specific goals of this study are to identify the role of histone modifications, DNA methylation, and their interaction with each other on gene expression according to the ChIP-Seq, RNA-Seq, and bisulfite sequencing results. Therefore, in order to offer wide and profound analysis we went to specify the strains for regulatory components, to describe the molecular events, and to contemplate concerning potential clinical utility. Typically, for ChIP-Seq analysis, the number of histone modification peaks varies between 5,000-10,000 per sample, which is the comparison to the input control With regards to the genomic location of these peaks 60-70% of these are in promoter regions, while 20-30% of these are in enhancers. Described variation in RNA-Seq brought about 1000–3000 DE genes per condition; in the compared conditions, the difference generally ranged from 2 to 10 folds. Specifically, 500-1500 of them had different methylation between the control and the patient group with different methylation variations; 20%-60%. Thus, the integration of these datasets demonstrated that there exists significant relationships between histone modification and gene expression level, with the former ment for active modification leading to up-regulation of genes and the latter for repressive modification leading to down- regulation of genes. Besides, the report determined that hypomethylation of promoters of genes led to overexpression whereas hypermethylation of promoters of genes l led to underexpression. The functional enrichment of the genes with the epigenetic changes revealed mostly the cell cycle and signal transduction based on the Gene Ontology. &nbsp

DIAGNOSIS OF SOME CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES USING THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH

Through the patient samples that we obtained from Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, some of them were suffering from high rates (a very critical condition), which led to death for some patients, while others were suffering from low rates. Over time, with treatment, their conditions became stable and they were discharged from the hospital. Some Some of them are in critical condition and may take a long time to recover, and this is what was written in the patient records (patient charts) in the hospital. All of these cases and percentages were identified and diagnosed by an electrocardiogram (ECG) device. Cardiovascular diseases were also discussed in detail in In the first chapter, the ECG device is a painless method that helps in diagnosing many common heart problems in the second chapter. In the third chapter, the devices used in measuring (ECG) were discussed, and it was learned how to conduct a medical examination for the patient, the steps of the examination, the reasons for performing the examination, and the uses of the examination. Electrocardiography, the risks of conducting the examination, the type of medical examination for males and females, and its unit of measurement. In the fourth chapter, we discussed the samples obtained from Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, explaining each one of them, and comparing them with the healthy sample from a healthy hear

ACCURACY OF CBCT IN MANDIBULAR CONDYLE VOLUMETRIC AND SURFACE MEASUREMENT: LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in in the measurement and diagnosis of mandibular condyle morphology, in comparison to other diagnostic devices. The design and method In order to achieve our study, we searched several databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. We only considered studies published between 2005 and 2023. Our review was focused on clinical trials, meta-analysis, article reviews, and randomized controlled trials. The exclusion criteria included patients with certain medical conditions, jaw abnormalities, jaw fractures, and animal experiments. The studies we analyzed had to address one specific question: What is the diagnostic accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) compared to conventional tomography?             conclusion: CBCT has become a cost- and dose-effective alternative to CT for examining the condyle and also TMJs. This imaging method is better than conventional radiographic methods and MRI in assessing osseous TMJ abnormalities, despite being more sensitive to motion artifacts. In addition, CBCT-MRI fused images can significantly improve the reliability of observers in determining anterior disc displacement and bone changes of the TMJ. This technology can also be utilized to improve diagnostic efficacy, especially for inexperienced residents

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF PRECANCER AND CANCER DISEASES OF THE CERVIX

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) remains a significant oncological challenge, as its early detection and intervention can substantially improve patient outcomes, including overall and recurrence-free survival, enhance quality of life, and reduce treatment costs. Specific Background: The primary etiological factor for cervical cancer is infection with oncogenic genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is preventable through effective screening measures. Knowledge Gap: Despite the availability of screening tests, there remains a critical need for advancements in diagnostic technologies to enhance early detection rates and precision in identifying precancerous lesions and invasive cancer. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the impact of innovative technologies on the early diagnosis of precancerous conditions and cervical cancer, focusing on improvements in diagnostic accuracy, early detection, and subsequent patient management. Results: The integration of novel diagnostic technologies, such as advanced HPV testing methods, liquid biopsy techniques, and high-resolution imaging, has demonstrated significant improvements in detecting cervical abnormalities at earlier stages compared to traditional methods. These technologies enhance diagnostic precision and enable more targeted interventions. Novelty: This research highlights recent advancements in diagnostic technologies that offer higher sensitivity and specificity, including the use of biomarkers and novel imaging modalities, which represent a shift towards more personalized and effective cervical cancer screening strategies. Implications: The findings underscore the potential for these innovative technologies to revolutionize cervical cancer screening and diagnosis, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes, reduced healthcare costs, and more effective management of cervical cancer and its precursors

Navigating the Immune Response Landscape of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus Infections

Both the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are viral pathogens that primarily target the liver and can lead to chronic liver disease. The nature of the immune response that the host mounts can vary depending on the structural differences between these two viruses. HBV is a partially double-stranded DNA virus enveloped in an outer envelope with a relatively stable genome and limited antigenic variation. It consists of an inner nucleocapsid core containing viral DNA, viral polymerase, and core antigen (HBcAg). The envelope comprises surface antigens (HBsAg) important for viral entry and immune recognition. HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus with an envelope. It has a high degree of genetic diversity due to its error-prone RNA polymerase, resulting in multiple HCV genotypes and subtypes due to its high mutation rate. Both viruses activate innate immune responses, producing type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. HBV can actively fight these antiviral responses in several ways, such as by making viral proteins that mess up the innate immune signalling pathways. At the same time, HCV developed strategies to evade and modulate the host's innate immune system, allowing it to establish persistent infections. The adaptive immune response against HBV and HCV involves both humoral and cellular components. Antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) are critical for viral clearance and protection. CD8+ T cells are also very important for controlling HBV infection because they find and kill infected hepatocytes. During infection, HCV-specific antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are made. However, HCV can evade immune responses by rapidly mutating its surface proteins (e.g., E2) and modulating T-cell responses. It is important to note that the immune response to HBV and HCV is a complex and dynamic process that involves various factors beyond the structural differences described above. Host factors, viral load, viral persistence, and the interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses also significantly influence the outcome of the infectio

DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING NEUROLOGICAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH BRAIN DISEASES

General Background: The advent of advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques has transformed the exploration of neurological alterations linked to brain diseases. Specific Background: MRI serves as a non-invasive modality for visualizing brain structure and function, crucial for identifying abnormalities associated with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Knowledge Gap: Despite the advancements, the precise relationships between these imaging modalities and specific neurological changes remain inadequately understood, necessitating further investigation. Aims: This review aims to examine the latest developments in MRI techniques, particularly functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and their applications in assessing neurological disorders. Results: The integration of fMRI facilitates the capture of real-time brain activity through blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals, while DTI provides insights into white matter integrity and neural connectivity. MRS enhances our understanding of biochemical alterations by measuring metabolic changes within the brain. Novelty: This synthesis of advanced MRI methodologies underscores their complementary roles in elucidating the intricacies of brain structure and function, particularly in the context of disease progression and treatment response. Implications: By delineating subtle changes in brain activity and composition, these MRI techniques not only enhance early diagnosis but also inform clinical strategies for the management of brain diseases, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes. This review highlights the potential of advanced MRI modalities in bridging existing knowledge gaps and advancing both research and clinical practices in neurology

IDENTIFICATION AND EXTRACTION PROCESS OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES FROM FOXGLOVE PLANTS

Foxglove (Digitalis spp.) is a plant known for its cardiac glycoside content, which has been used in medicine for centuries. Cardiac glycosides, such as digoxin and digitoxin, are the main components that have a therapeutic effect on the cardiovascular system. This research examines the cardiac glycoside content of various Digitalis species, with a focus on extraction methods, isolation and characteristics of these compounds. Methods used include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The analysis results showed that Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata were the main sources of cardiac glycosides. Digoxin and digitoxin were isolated and identified as the main active components. Pharmacological studies show that this compound interacts with the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which increases cardiac contractility and is used in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias. Cardiac glycosides from the foxglove plant play an important role in cardiovascular therapy. Further research is needed to develop more efficient extraction methods and understand the deeper mechanisms of action, as well as potential side effects associated with long-term use

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT - BIOINSECTICIDE

In this article Bacillus thuringiensis var.thuringiensis on the bacterial strain thuringiensis Uzviti М №1, data are presented on the research work on the study of the insecticidal properties being carried out at the same time on the experimental series of the biological drug bioinsecticid, which was first prepared in a laboratory settin