¿Cómo cambian los estudiantes de pensamientos relacionados con la tarea a pensamientos no relacionados?

Although a growing body of psychological research shows that students’ unconscious thought processes can be task-related, educational research has yet to provide empirical evidence for this relation in a classroom learning context. Educational literature is also inconclusive as to whether students consciously or unconsciously engage in task-unrelated thoughts. A key issue arising from this indistinctness is whether task-unrelated thoughts facilitate or inhibit learning and task performance when students consciously and when unconsciously shift their attention away from task-related thoughts. This review aims to enhance understanding of how students shift from task-related to task-unrelated thoughts. The review presents a wide range of evidence for how the shift happens unconsciously rather than consciously. The unconscious shift as a result of students’ negative emotions can inhibit rather than facilitate learning processes. Further evidence is necessary for the required educational research on how the shift in students’ thoughts happens within the classroom.Aunque un creciente número de investigaciones psicológicas demuestran que los procesos de pensamiento inconsciente de los estudiantes pueden estar relacionados con las tareas, la investigación educativa todavía tiene que proporcionar evidencia empírica para esta relación en un contexto de aprendizaje en el aula. La literatura educativa también es poco concluyente en cuanto a si los estudiantes consciente o inconscientemente se involucran en pensamientos que no tienen relación con la tarea. Una cuestión clave que surge de esta indiferencia es si los pensamientos no relacionados con la tarea facilitan o inhiben el aprendizaje y el desempeño de las tareas cuando los estudiantes consciente e inconscientemente cambian su atención fuera de los pensamientos relacionados con la tarea. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo mejorar la comprensión de cómo los estudiantes cambian de pensamientos relacionados y no relacionados con la tarea. La revisión presenta una amplia gama de pruebas de cómo el cambio ocurre inconscientemente en lugar de conscientemente. El cambio inconsciente como resultado de las emociones negativas de los estudiantes puede inhibir en lugar de facilitar los procesos de aprendizaje. Se necesita más evidencia en la investigación educativa acerca de cómo ocurre el cambio en los pensamientos de los estudiantes dentro del aula

Correlation between reflectance and refractive index of different liquids using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR)

Recently, the area of measurement and instrumentation and particularly sensor development has undergone fast development. Among the active advancement of sensor based microelectronics development, the optical based sensor has expanded promisingly over these past years due to its key advantages such as compact size, low power consumption, corrosion and electrical spark free which would cause a fire in the explosive environment, electromagnetic interference proof, high sensitivity and large distance between signal detection that is possibility of enabling a long distance measurements. For instance, refractive index sensors have attracted considerable attention in biological and chemical applications. Thus many optical sensors for refractive index (RI) detection have been proposed. Therefore, this research was carried out in order to seek the correlation between reflectance and refractive index of different liquids using an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) via single mode fibre (SMF) of 100m length. There are three objectives that are to observe the fluctuation in the fiber end of the five liquids (water, acetic acid, 1-butanol, 1-octyne and ethyl glycol with their corresponding RI are 1.33, 1.337, 1.40, 1.42 and 1.43), to clarify experimentally the correlation between reflectance with RI of the liquids and to analyze the potential of using the OTDR technique for measurement RI of liquids. Each liquid is measured 10 times in order to obtain good average value of reflectance reading under three different pulse widths (20ns, 50ns and 100ns). After completing the data analysis, the fluctuations in reflection readings of the liquids is within 6%. The experimental and simulation curves are similar in trend and the OTDR technique has the potential in measuring RIs of liquids

Kesan Penerapan Kepelbagaian Kecerdasan Dan Kemahiran Berfikir Analitis Melalui Aktiviti Pengayaan Bermodul (Effect Of Application Of Multiple Intelligence And Analitical Thinking Skills Through Modular Enrichment Activities)

Kajian ini bertujuan menguji keberkesanan dua buah modul aktiviti pengayaan berasaskan penyelesaian masalah. Modul pertama adalah aktiviti pengayaan berdasarkan empat jenis kepelbagaian kecerdasan (KK) manakala modul kedua mengintegrasikan aspek kepelbagaian kecerdasan dan kemahiran berfikir analitis (KK + KBA). Penerapan empat jenis kecerdasan tersebut adalah seperti yang diperkenalkan oleh Gardner (1983), yang terdiri daripada kecerdasan ruang visual, kinestatik, muzik dan interpersonal. Manakala kemahiran berfikir analitis adalah seperti yang diperkenalkan oleh Sternberg (1996) dalam teori kecerdasan berjaya (successful intelligence). Kajian kuasi eksperimen ini menggunakan reka bentuk ujian pra dan ujian pasca. Ia dijalankan di dua buah Maktab Rendah Sains MARA (MRSM) yang bertindak sebagai kumpulan rawatan 1 (KR1) dan rawatan 2 (KR2). KR1 menggunakan modul KK sahaja manakala KR2 menggunakan modul KK + KBA. Dua jenis instrumen digunakan, iaitu Sternberg Triarchic Ability Test (STAT) dan ujian kepelbagaian kecerdasan (McKenzie, 2000). Analisis ANCOVA digunakan dengan menjadikan ujian pra sebagai kovariat bagi melihat kesan perbezaan profil kepelbagaian kecerdasan dan tahap kemahiran berfikir analitis antara kedua-dua kumpulan rawatan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengintegrasian empat jenis kecerdasan dan kemahiran berfikir analitis melalui aktiviti pengayaan bermodul merangsang peningkatan profil kepelbagaian kecerdasan dan tahap kemahiran berfikir analitis KR2 secara signifika

Rapid pleurodesis using small bore pigtail catheter and bleomycin in malignant pleural effusions: a case series

Pleural drainage is the treatment of choice for patients presented with symptomatic malignant pleural effusion. The conventional method of treatment is insertion of large bore thoracostomy tube (chest tube) before proceeding to chemical pleurodesis. The aim of this preliminary prospective study was to investigate the success rate of performing pleurodesis using a small bore pigtail catheter (Mar Flow® CH12) in patients with malignant pleural effusion. Pleurodesis was performed within twenty four hours after insertion of pigtail catheter with bleomycin as sclerosing agent. Patients were follow-up at four weeks post pleurodesis with chest radiography. The intervention was scored as “successful” if no radiographic evidence of fluid reaccumulation was noted at four weeks. A “partial success” score indicated accumulation of fluid that did not produce symptoms and did not require repeat pleural drainage of any sort. All other outcomes were scored as “unsuccessful”. Five patients with malignant pleural effusion from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II were included in this study with mean age of 53.6 year old. The primary diseases include breast, lung, ovarian and colon cancers. The mean time of pleurodesis was 9.5 hours. Of the five pleurodesis performed, a complete response (“successful”) was seen in three patients (60%), a partial response (“partial success”) was seen in one patient (20%) and one patient (20%) did not respond to rapid pleurodesis. In conclusion, pleurodesis in patients with malignant pleurodesis can be achieved rapidly using small bore pigtail catheter and bleomycin

Malaysian national service: a study on the liability of the government towards the trainee in negligence cases / Shaiful Nizam Shahrin, Md Subri Hashim and Nurul Ain Badruddin

Malaysia's national service program is now at a cross road, five years after its launch and many parents are in no hurry to send their children for the three-month stint. With a few accidents including death of the trainees been reported, most Malaysian, especially the parents still wondering on their rights in negligence cases. The aims of this study is to determine the extends of the government's liability for any negligence which incurred to the trainee at the camp training. The literature review (Chapter 2) provide the issues of national service which aims to develop the younger generation to become more patriotic and maintain the harmonious races in Malaysia and the duty of care of the government towards the trainee. Then, the legal chapters (Chapters 3) provide the national service legal frameworks in Malaysia which needs to comply by the trainer and the provision which made the government liable for his employee's negligence. The findings chapter (Chapter 4) reports on the fieldwork findings of respondent, conducted to investigate their perceptions of the Malaysian National service and to what extends the government would be liable for any negligence cases incurred to the trainee. The central arguments of this research is , there is a dire need to have a specific provision in National Service Training Act which provides the extends of the government liability towards the injuries sustained by the trainee and for any negligence act incurred at the camp training. The reason is to seek the public confidence especially the parents and the trainees on the implementation of the National Service Training Program which is not clearly mentioned about their right

Visual illustration and photography on Islamic book cover designs: a semiotic analysis

The publication of religious books recently has been in line with the publication of books of other genres. It is because of the increase in the demands by the readers in addition with the design of the book covers which has been made up more interesting. Hence, this research was aimed to identify the influence of visual illustration and photography displayed on book covers which preferred by the readers. Sign theory by Peirce (1839) and Semiotic Analysis by Stokes (2003) were applied for the purpose of data analysis. A book published by Telaga Biru Sdn. Bhd. entitled Ikon Syabab by Umar Muhammad Noor (2014) has been made as the research data focusing on the taxonomy aspect of its cover. The results showed that the proper use of pictures was undeniably able to attract the readers to buy the religious book currently in the market. This research also was predicted to be able to contribute to the national socio-economic interest, generate a rich cultural society and elevate the percentage of book publication in Malaysia

Dynamics of sediment transport and erosion-deposition patterns in the locality of a detached low-crested breakwater on a cohesive coast

Understanding the dynamics of sediment transport and erosion-deposition patterns in the locality of a coastal structure is vital to evaluating the performance of coastal structures and predicting the changes in coastal dynamics caused by a specific structure. The nearshore hydro-morphodynamic responses to coastal structures vary widely, as these responses are complex functions with numerous parameters, including structural design, sediment and wave dynamics, angle of approach, slope of the coast and the materials making up the beach and structures. This study investigated the sediment transport and erosion-deposition patterns in the locality of a detached low-crested breakwater protecting the cohesive shore of Carey Island, Malaysia. The data used for this study were collected from field measurements and secondary sources from 2014 to 2015. Sea-bed elevations were monitored every two months starting from December 2014 to October 2015, in order to quantify the sea-bed changes and investigate the erosion-deposition patterns of the cohesive sediment due to the existence of the breakwater. In addition, numerical modelling was also performed to understand the impacts of the breakwater on the nearshore hydrodynamics and investigate the dynamics of fine sediment transport around the breakwater structure. A coupled two-dimensional hydrodynamics-sediment transport model based on Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and cell-centered finite volume method with flexible meshing approach was adopted for this study. Analysis of the results showed that the detached breakwater reduced both current speed and wave height behind the structure by an average of 0.12 m/s and 0.1 m, respectively. Also, the breakwater made it possible for trapped suspended sediment to settle in a sheltered area by approximately 8 cm in height near to the first main segment of the breakwater, from 1 year after its construction. The numerical results were in line with the field measurements, where sediment accumulations were concentrated in the landward area behind the breakwater. In particular, sediment accumulations were concentrated along the main segments of the breakwater structure during the Northeast (NE) season, while concentration near the first main segment of the breakwater were recorded during the Southwest (SW) season. The assessment illustrated that the depositional patterns were influenced strongly by the variations in seasonal hydrodynamic conditions, sediment type, sediment supply and the structural design. Detached breakwaters are rarely considered for cohesive shores; hence, this study provides new, significant benefits for engineers, scientists and coastal management authorities with regard to seasonal dynamic changes affected by a detached breakwater and its performance on a cohesive coast

Reviewing the Role of Cognitive Load, Expertise Level, Motivation, and Unconscious Processing in Working Memory Performance

Human cognitive capacity is unavailable for conscious processing of every amount of instructional messages. Aligning an instructional design with learner expertise level would allow better use of available working memory capacity in a cognitive learning task. Motivating students to learn consciously is also an essential determinant of the capacity usage. However, motivational factors are often subject to unconscious rather than conscious emotional processing. This review sets out the need for further studies to elucidate the role of motivation and unconscious processing in the use of cognitive capacity

RF-DC power conversion of Schottky diode fabricated on AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure for on-chip rectenna device application in nanosystems

The Schottky diodes enjoined with coplanar waveguides are investigated for applications in on-chip rectenna device applications without insertion of a matching circuit. The design, fabrication, DC characteristics and RF-to-DC conversion of the AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT Schottky diode is presented. The RF signals are well converted by the fabricated Schottky diodes with cut-off frequency up to 25 GHz estimated in direct injection experiments. The outcomes of these results provide conduit for breakthrough designs for ultra-low power on-chip rectenna device technology to be integrated in nanosystems

Translation of the Culture-Specific Items in Malaysian Children’s Animated Movies Subtitles

Throughout the decades, the significant roles of the Audiovisual Translation (AVT) as the vehicle for interpreting the information and aiding the children’s learning process of other cultures through the films have been widely discussed and studied. However, numerous scholars of the translation field agreed that transferring a language mainly one that is heavily influenced by Culture-Specific Items (CSI) proves to be the most complex issue faced by the translators. Most of the studies reported that applying unsuitable translation strategies to translate cultural items has resulted in the lack of consistency, accuracy and less impactful translation. This study identified the types of CSI found in Malaysian children’s movies and the translation strategies for the CSI in the subtitles of Malaysian children’s movies. Using the descriptive research design, this study employed a quantitative approach to reach the findings. The samples used were two Malaysian animated movies namely Geng: Pengembaraan bermula and Keris Siamang Tunggal. With the application of two theories - Nedergaard-Larsen’s (1993) Culture-bound problems in subtitling and Pedersen’s (2011) taxonomy of Extralinguistic Cultural References - the types of CSI and the translation strategies for the CSI were identified quantitatively using content analysis. The findings of this study revealed that all types of CSI such as Society, Culture, Geography and History are present in the samples. As for the translation strategies, it has been found that the translators favored the source language-oriented translation strategies such as Retention and Direct Translation when translating cultural items. In conclusion, the overall translation of the cultural items in the films can be said to be appropriate in terms of the simplicity of the structure and comprehensible usage of vocabularies that can resonate well with the targeted group of viewers for this type of genre, which is children. In addition, the application of various translation strategies showed that the translators did not only intend to give the target audience the accessibility to the source culture but also produce the translation that is able to promote Malaysia's cultural identity as well as its artistic values to the world