The Tei index for evaluation of fetal myocardial performance in sick fetuses

OBJECTIVE: The Tei index is a useful, new, noninvasive Doppler index of combined systolic and diastolic function calculated by isovolumic relaxation time plus isovolumic contraction time divided by ejection time. Sick fetuses were evaluated with the Tei index. METHODS: The study group underwent two-dimensional/Doppler echocardiographic measurement of their Tei index and included 10 monochorionic diamniotic (MD) twin pairs with non-twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), 4 twin pairs with TTTS, 12 fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 14 fetuses of diabetic mothers, 3 hydrops fetalis fetuses, 8 fetuses of mothers treated with a tocolytic agent, and 40 normal fetuses (control group). RESULTS: The Tei indices in the following groups were significantly higher than the control: recipient fetuses in TTTS, large for gestational age (LGA) fetuses of diabetic mothers, and fetuses with hydrops fetalis. CONCLUSION: The Tei index may be a useful tool for the assessment of fetal cardiac status in a variety of sick fetuses. Recipient fetuses in TTTS, LGA fetuses of diabetic mothers, and hydrops fetalis fetuses may have abnormal myocardial performance. The Tei index readily provides early detection of diminished myocardial function, particularly ventricular dysfunctio

Large Vestibular Schwannomas

Single-fraction radiosurgery has demonstrated its efficacy in large and very large series of patients with vestibular schwannomas. However, single-fraction radiosurgery is reserved to small- to medium-sized lesions. The current standard therapeutic dose (12\u201314 Gy) may actually be too high to be tolerated by healthy surrounding nerve structures, such as the brainstem, which are in direct contact with large schwannomas. Furthermore, there is a direct correlation between tumor size and facial nerve damage. Hypofractionated treatments can be adopted in larger lesions when the patient is not a candidate for surgical resection. The lower dose per fraction used in hypofractionated schedules is, in theory, less harmful for the surrounding healthy structures allowing for higher rates of hearing, facial, and trigeminal nerve preservation, especially in such large lesions. Despite the limited experience in the treatment of Koos grade IV vestibular schwannomas, the results appear interesting, with local tumor control at midterm that are not very different from those obtained in smaller tumors. The major complication is represented by a form of subacute hydrocephalus that affects 10\u201315% of patients that become symptomatic in weeks and can be treated without the necessity of tumor resection. Although controversial, a similar approach represents a valid and effective treatment modality at least for elderly patients or for those with severe medical comorbidities, for whom radiosurgery can be a treatment option. Here, we review the role of hypofraction for the treatment of large and very large vestibular schwannomas and provide practical suggestions for its application

Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of limited brain metastases: a single-centre individualized treatment approach

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We retrospectively report treatment results of our single-centre experience with hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (hfSRT) of limited brain metastases in primary and recurrence disease situations. Our aim was to find the most effective and safe dose concept.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>From 04/2006 to 12/2010, 75 patients, with 108 intracranial metastases, were treated with hfSRT. 52 newly diagnosed metastases (48%), without up-front whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), received hfSRT as a primary treatment. 56 metastases (52%) received a prior WBRT and were treated in this study in a recurrence situation. Main fractionation concepts used for primary hfSRT were 6-7x5 Gy (61.5%) and 5x6 Gy (19.2%), for recurrent hfSRT 7-10x4 Gy (33.9%) and 5-6x5 Gy (33.9%).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Median overall survival (OS) of all patients summed up to 9.1 months, actuarial 6-and 12-month-OS was 59% and 35%, respectively. Median local brain control (LC) was 11.9 months, median distant brain control (DC) 3.9 months and intracranial control (IC) 3.4 months, respectively. Variables with significant influence on OS were Gross Tumour Volume (GTV) (p = 0.019), the biological eqivalent dose (calculated on a 2 Gy single dose, EQD2, α/β = 10) < and ≥ median of 39 Gy (p = 0.012), extracerebral activity of the primary tumour (p < 0.001) and the steroid uptake during hfSRT (p = 0.03). LC was significantly influenced by the EQD2, ≤ and > 35 Gy (p = 0.004) in both uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Median LC was 14.9 months for EQD2 >35 Gy and 3.4 months for doses ≤35 Gy, respectively. Early treatment related side effects were usually mild. Nevertheless, patients with a EQD2 >35 Gy had higher rates of toxicity (31%) than ≤35 Gy (8.3%, p=0.026).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Comparing different dose concepts in hfSRT, a cumulative EQD2 of ≥35 Gy seems to be the most effective concept in patients with primary or recurrent limited brain metastases. Despite higher rates of only mild toxicity, this concept represents a safe treatment option.</p