Angiotensin II Evokes Angiogenic Signals within Skeletal Muscle through Co-ordinated Effects on Skeletal Myocytes and Endothelial Cells

Skeletal muscle overload induces the expression of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, leading to new capillary growth. We found that the overload-induced increase in angiogenesis, as well as increases in VEGF, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP transcripts were abrogated in muscle VEGF KO mice, highlighting the critical role of myocyte-derived VEGF in controlling this process. The upstream mediators that contribute to overload-induced expression of VEGF have yet to be ascertained. We found that muscle overload increased angiotensinogen expression, a precursor of angiotensin (Ang) II, and that Ang II signaling played an important role in basal VEGF production in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, matrix-bound VEGF released from myoblasts induced the activation of endothelial cells, as evidenced by elevated endothelial cell phospho-p38 levels. We also found that exogenous Ang II elevates VEGF expression, as well as MMP-2 transcript levels in C2C12 myotubes. Interestingly, these responses also were observed in skeletal muscle endothelial cells in response to Ang II treatment, indicating that these cells also can respond directly to the stimulus. The involvement of Ang II in muscle overload-induced angiogenesis was assessed. We found that blockade of AT1R-dependent Ang II signaling using losartan did not attenuate capillary growth. Surprisingly, increased levels of VEGF protein were detected in overloaded muscle from losartan-treated rats. Similarly, we observed elevated VEGF production in cultured endothelial cells treated with losartan alone or in combination with Ang II. These studies conclusively establish the requirement for muscle derived VEGF in overload-induced angiogenesis and highlight a role for Ang II in basal VEGF production in skeletal muscle. However, while Ang II signaling is activated following overload and plays a role in muscle VEGF production, inhibition of this pathway is not sufficient to halt overload-induced angiogenesis, indicating that AT1-independent signals maintain VEGF production in losartan-treated muscle

THE INTERFERENCE OF MELAYU LANGUAGE ON THE SPEAKING OF PATANI (THAI) STUDENTS AT IAIN TULUNGAGUNG

ABSTRACT Hasanee Sama. Student Registered Number. 1723143067. 2019. The Interference of Melayu Language on the speaking of Patani students at IAIN Tulungagung. Sarjana Thesis. English Education Department. Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training. State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Tulungagung. Advisor: Dr.Sukarsono, M.Pd. Keywords: Interference, Error analysis, Speaking, Melayu Language. Interference or language transfer refers to speakers or writers applying knowledge from their native language to a second language. It can be as errors in the learner’s use of the foreign language that can be traced back to the mother tongue. The students will always encounter some difficulties or problems in mastering it. When they are learning it, they often make mistakes whether in their speaking or writing. The questions formulated by the researcher are 1) What type of the errors analysis in surface strategy committed by Patani (Thai) students in their English speaking? 2) How dose Melayu language interfer Patani (Thai) students in English speaking? The purposes of the study are to know the types of error of surface strategy made by Patani (Thai) students in their English speaking and to know the interference of Melayu language on the speaking of Patani (Thai) students. The research method in this study is a descriptive design with using qualitative approach. By such a research design, the researcher collected data by having an interview with Patani (Thai) students on English department at IAIN Tulungagung, a document in this research comes from the Patani (Thai) students interview, this technique are used to obtain the data in form of students error in speaking. The research data is collected by interviewing several questions to the students. Furthermore, to find and classify students speaking errors is found in the results of interviews, they are used with listening and note taking techniques. And then the researcher performed in this research is recording and transcriber the results of student’s interviews and the collected data are analyzed and described. At last, the researcher interview again about the student’s answers to know the interference in their speaking. The result showed that Patani (Thai) students in English department at IAIN Tulungagung often made an error of surface strategy. It was found that the errors of surface strategy made by the students come from all of surface strategy; the most type of error which appeared in speaking is the error of omission, the second highest errors is the errors of misformation; the next is error of addition, and the last is error of missodering. From some error in sentences that made by Patani (Thai) students, the research also found the interference in their sentence. At last, the researcher found that syntactical interference from student’s interview transcript. They are many aspects of syntactical interference that is, in using verb to be, preposition, pronoun, simple past tense, gerund, articel, and the last one is of using word order