Metabolomic analyses of Drosophila models for human renal disease

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) constitute a major class of genetic disorder. Most of IEMs are transmitted recessively, so consanguinity has a huge impact on disease prevalence, particularly in societies like Saudi Arabia, where consanguineous marriage is common. Understanding and treatment are very important in genetic diseases, and simple models would be helpful. Thus, the feasibility of applying the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model for a human renal genetic disease - xanthinuria - was investigated. Xanthinuria is a rare human genetic disease, caused by mutations in xanthine oxidase or molybdenum cofactor sulphurase; in Drosophila, the homologous genes are rosy (ry) and maroon-like (mal), respectively. The new Orbitrap technology of mass spectrometry has the potential to determine levels of many metabolites simultaneously by exact mass, and a major part of this thesis was to investigate the utility of Orbitrap technology in metabolomics of both wild-type and Drosophila mutant. Repeatable significant differences were identified between ry and wild-type flies, which recapitulated painstaking analytical biochemical determinations of the 1950s, but with greater precision. Additionally, completely novel impacts of the ry mutation (on pyrimidine metabolism, the urea cycle and osmolyte biosynthesis) were identified. As expected mal mutants showed more similar changes as ry, but with widespread metabolic perturbations.. The online resource, FlyAtlas.org, provides detailed microarray-based expression data for multiple tissues and life-stages of Drosophila. Downstream genes, such as urate oxidase, are utterly tubule-specific. Accordingly, the utility of Orbitrap technology in elucidating tissue-specific metabolomes was also investigated. Additionally, genetic interventions using designed RNAi constructs were also made and validated by QPCR and metabolomics. As urate is a potent antioxidant, survival of urate oxidase knockdowns was tested in vivo, and a significant impact on survival identified. An Affymetrix microarray was performed, comparing ry506 mutant flies against wild-type and differences were identified in a second experiment, the anti-gout drug allopurinol was used to phenocopy the effects of ry. Overall, the thesis showed that Orbitrap technology was highly suitable for metabolomic analysis of both wild-type and mutant Drosophila, and had potential in the analysis of metabolomes of single tissues. The possibility of using Orbitrap-based metabolomicsin human diagnosis is discussed

Home in the Poetry of Saudi Arabia Poets: Khalid Al-Faisal an Example of a Distinguished Arab (2)

It is well known that when a philosopher articulates his or her love for and affiliation with the homeland, he or she may represent the great homeland through a limited part of this homeland. It is worth noting that Makkah Al-Mukarramah is simply a small, light representation of the great homeland, which embraces Makkah Al-Mukarramah like the heart of the body. Consequently, through the striking poem "Umm Al-Gura" by Khalid Al-Faisal, the researcher wishes to highlight the poet's knowledge while also illustrating his love for his vast landscape, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The researcher, on the other hand, attempts to examine the poet's talent through the use of poetic images and symbols in his poem. The study begins with a brief introduction, followed by a prevue examination of Saudi poetry then a glance at the significance of Makkah Al-Mukarramah. The study's main focus is on the Saudi poet Khalid Al-Faisal with reference to some verse lines of his poem Umm Al-Gura (ام القرى). The study implements a critical-analytical method, keeping in mind the concept of home as its primary concern. A brief discussion and conclusion to the analysis are then given

Hassan ibn Thabit: An Original Arabic Tongue (2)

As it is suggested and recommended in the first part of a previous paper that carries the same title, this paper is a continuous effort not to claim to be wide-ranging in mastering a poetic piece as one sort of expressive manuscript in Arabic but an impartial effort through analytical assessment of a poem. The study is limited to a few selected verses of Hassan ibn Thabit poem named ‘Al Alef rhymed (????? ?????).’ It is a representative of the Arabic tongue and its magnificence. It is a piece of poetry that cannot be examined and scrutinized in a short paper like this.The study focuses, with analysis, on six verse lines – 17/22 – of Hassan ibn Thabit's poem mentioned above. It employs an analytical and critical method, makes an effort to illustrate the inspiration of Arabic poetry as a means of the tongue and its grandeur and glory. The study initiates with an introduction raising the importance of Arabic classical poetic tongue. Then it goes go forward to give a picture of Hassan ibn Thabit as a man and a poet. The researcher, then, shifts to the foremost segment of the study, attempting to bring an interpretation to some selected verses of Hassan’s above-mentioned long poem. The paper reaches its conclusion by a concise discussion and recommendatory afterword

Home in the Poetry of Saudi Arabia Poets: Mohammad ibn 'Abboud Al-'Amoudi an Example of a Distinguished Arab (2)

The poet communicates the graceful emotions that rise in the hearts of every person toward their homeland because of their love for it. Saudi poets enjoy writing poetry that celebrates the dignity of nationalism. The love of one's homeland, obsession with it, laboring for it, defending and preserving it, and having it run in one's soul are all aspects of nationalism. The researcher aspires to highlight Mohammad ibn 'Abboud Al-'Amoudi's expertise, knowledge, and competence while also highlighting his love for his homeland, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, through the poem "Land of Benevolence" as the second part. The researcher tries to present the uses of poetic imagery and symbols in the poem in an effort to assess the talent of the poet. A brief introduction sets the stage for the research, which is then followed by an examination of Saudi poetry analysis and a look at the Saudi poet Mohammad ibn 'Abboud Al-'Amoudi. The critical-analytical-descriptive analysis of the poem "Land of Benevolence" serves as the study's main focus. The study after that uses a critical-analytical approach, with the idea of homeland serving as its focus. It concludes with findings and a conclusion

Saudi Novel: Commencements, Efforts, and Headway (6)

This article examines the literary success of Ibrahim Al-Humaidan's novel "A Hole in the Garb of the Night" and its significance in developing the Saudi novel. Employing an analytical-critical-descriptive method, the study traces the evolution of the Saudi narrative, highlighting the aesthetic developments and thematic modifications within the genre. By exploring Al-Humaidan's extensive and imaginative work, including novels and short stories, the article sheds light on the characters' interpretations of human behaviour and their interactions with events and mediums. The study emphasizes the social, philosophical, and ideological ends achieved through these interactions, showcasing the notable contributions of Al-Humaidan to the Saudi novel. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights into the relevance and evolution of the Saudi novel as a significant literary genre.

HOME IN THE POETRY OF SAUDI ARABIA POETS: ABDUS-SALAM HAFETH AN EXAMPLE OF A DISTINGUISHED ARAB (1)

Classical Arabic poetry is the core of all categories of literature in all Arabic lands, territories, and realms since the age of pre-Islam. This study is an attempt to shed light on some literary facets of modern Saudi Arabic poetry focusing on the concept of homeland as an illustration of the standing of modern Saudi Arabic poetry with a particular indication to a contemporary Saudi poet, Abdus-Salam Hashem Hafeth. It can be right that the progress of Arabic poetry in the present age, among Arab poets, writers, and critics has a positive measure. It is true to generalize that the same would be identical to current innovative Saudi poetry given that it is naturally considered a principal, commanding, and uninterrupted measure of Arabic poetry. The researcher endeavors to illustrate the poet's intellectuality in depicting his glorious city as a representative of his adoration for the big home - the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study commences with a concise introduction. Then, it analytically moves ahead to inspect the noteworthy Saudi poet – Abdus-Salam Hashem Hafeth. After that, the study portrays a critical-analytical attitude to the first four-verse lines of the poem of Hafeth, ‘Nostalgia, Oh my Home’, focusing on the concept of home as its principal theme. In conclusion, the study ends with a concise assumption and recommendations. Keywords: Abdus-Salam Hashem Hafeth, Al Madinah Al Monawarah, Arabic Literature, Arabic Poetry, Home in Poetry, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi poetry