33,209 research outputs found
Dissociation dynamics of fluorinated ethene cations:\ud from time bombs on a molecular level to double-regime dissociators\ud
The dissociative photoionization mechanism of internal energy selected CHF, 1,1-CHF, CHF and CF cations have been studied in the 13−20 eV photon energy range using imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Five predominant channels have been found; HF loss, statistical and non-statistical F loss, cleavage of the C–C bond post H or F-atom migration, and cleavage of the C=C bond. By modelling the breakdown diagrams and ion time-of-flight distributions using statistical theory, experimental 0 K appearance energies, E, of the daughter ions have been determined. Both CHF and 1,1-CHF are veritable time bombs with respect to dissociation via HF loss, where slow dissociation over a reverse barrier is followed by an explosion with large kinetic energy release. The first dissociative ionization pathway for CHF and CF involves an atom migration across the C=C bond, giving CF–CHF and CF–CF, respectively, which then dissociate to form CHF and CF. The nature of the F-loss pathway has been found to be bimodal for CHF and 1,1-CHF, switching from statistical to non-statistical behaviour as the photon energy increases. The dissociative ionization of CF is found to be comprised of two regimes. At high internal energies, a long-lived excited electronic state is formed, which loses an F atom in a non-statistical process and undergoes statistical redistribution of energy among the nuclear degrees of freedom. This is followed by a subsequent dissociation. In other words only the ground electronic state phase space stays inaccessible. The accurate E of CF and CF formation from CF together with the now well established ∆Hº of CF yield self-consistent enthalpies of formation for the CF, CF, CF, and CF species
Noncommutative Solitons and Intersecting D-Branes
We construct intersecting D-branes as noncommutative solitons in bosonic and
type II string theory. ``Defect'' branes which are D-branes containing bubbles
of the closed string vacuum play an important role in the construction.Comment: 17 pages, harvmac; published version with added clarification
Design-for-test structure to facilitate test vector application with low performance loss in non-test mode.
A switching based circuit is described which allows application of voltage test vectors to internal nodes of a chip without the problem of backdriving. The new circuit has low impact on the performance of an analogue circuit in terms of loss of bandwidth and allows simple application of analogue test voltages into internal nodes. The circuit described facilitates implementation of the forthcoming IEEE 1149.4 DfT philosophy [1]
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Hand pollination to increase seed-set of red helleborine Cephalanthera rubra in the Chiltern Hills, Buckinghamshire, England
In 2007 and in previous years, as part of ongoing attempts to improve red helleborine Cephalanthera rubra seed-set, hand pollination of florets has been undertaken at a small colony of this species in Buckinghamshire, southern England. Natural pollination rarely occurs (one mature pod recorded in 10 years) at this site. In 2007, hand pollination resulted in the production of four seed pods, of which one withered and died. Upon ripening, the three remaining pods were removed for attempted micropropagation of the seeds. Ongoing conservation management has probably benefited the solitary bee Chelostoma campanularum which now appears fairly plentiful at the site, but despite the presence of this red helleborine flower visitor, natural pollination remains virtually unrecorded at this locality; field observations suggest that C.campanularum is in fact probably not large enough to act as an effective red helleborine pollinator as it can slip in and out of the flowers without removing the pollinia, unlike it larger relative C.fuliginosum, absent from the UK but which is a known pollinator of red helleborine in continental Europe
Modeling the Interactions between Volatility and Returns
Volatility of a stock may incur a risk premium, leading to a positive correlation between volatility and returns. On the other hand the leverage effect, whereby negative returns increase volatility, acts in the opposite direction. We propose a reformulation and extension of the ARCH in Mean model, in which the logarithm of scale is driven by the score of the conditional distribution. This EGARCH-M model is shown to be theoretically tractable as well as practically useful. By employing a two component extension we are able to distinguish between the long and short run effects of returns on volatility. The EGARCH formulation allows more flexibility in the asymmetry of the response (leverage) and this enables us to find that the short-term response is, in some cases, close to being anti-asymmetric. The long and short run volatility components are shown to have very different effects on returns, with the long-run component yielding the risk premium. A model in which the returns have a skewed t distribution is shown to fit well to daily and weekly data on some of the major stock market indices.Asymmetric price transmission, cost pass-through, electricity markets, price theory, rockets and feather
Volatility Modeling with a Generalized t-distribution
Beta-t-EGARCH models in which the dynamics of the logarithm of scale are driven by the conditional score are known to exhibit attractive theoretical properties for the t-distribution and general error distribution (GED). The generalized-t includes both as special cases. We derive the information matrix for the generalized-t and show that, when parameterized with the inverse of the tail index, it remains positive definite as the tail index goes to infinity and the distribution becomes a GED. Hence it is possible to construct Lagrange multiplier tests of the null hypothesis of light tails against the alternative of fat tails. Analytic expressions may be obtained for the unconditional moments in the EGARCH model and the information matrix for the dynamic parameters obtained. The distribution may be extended by allowing for skewness and asymmetry in the shape parameters and the asymptotic theory for the associated EGARCH models may be correspondingly extended. For positive variables, the GB2 distribution may be parameterized so that it goes to the generalised gamma in the limit as the tail index goes to infinity. Again dynamic volatility may be introduced and properties of the model obtained. Overall the approach offers a unified, flexible, robust and practical treatment of dynamic scale
Supersymmetric black rings and three-charge supertubes
We present supergravity solutions for 1/8-supersymmetric black supertubes
with three charges and three dipoles. Their reduction to five dimensions yields
supersymmetric black rings with regular horizons and two independent angular
momenta. The general solution contains seven independent parameters and
provides the first example of non-uniqueness of supersymmetric black holes. In
ten dimensions, the solutions can be realized as D1-D5-P black supertubes. We
also present a worldvolume construction of a supertube that exhibits three
dipoles explicitly. This description allows an arbitrary cross-section but
captures only one of the angular momenta.Comment: 59 pages, 6 figures; v2: minor correction
Curvature-corrected dilatonic black holes and black hole -- string transition
We investigate extremal charged black hole solutions in the four-dimensional
string frame Gauss-Bonnet gravity with the Maxwell field and the dilaton.
Without curvature corrections, the extremal electrically charged dilatonic
black holes have singular horizon and zero Bekenstein entropy. When the
Gauss-Bonnet term is switched on, the horizon radius expands to a finite value
provided curvature corrections are strong enough. Below a certain threshold
value of the Gauss-Bonnet coupling the extremal black hole solutions cease to
exist. Since decreasing Gauss-Bonnet coupling corresponds to decreasing string
coupling , the situation can tentatively be interpreted as classical
indication on the black hole -- string transition. Previously the extremal
dilaton black holes were studied in the Einstein-frame version of the
Gauss-Bonnet gravity. Here we work in the string frame version of this theory
with the S-duality symmetric dilaton function as required by the heterotic
string theory.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure
Laser frequency locking by direct measurement of detuning
We present a new method of laser frequency locking in which the feedback
signal is directly proportional to the detuning from an atomic transition, even
at detunings many times the natural linewidth of the transition. Our method is
a form of sub-Doppler polarization spectroscopy, based on measuring two Stokes
parameters ( and ) of light transmitted through a vapor cell. This
extends the linear capture range of the lock loop by up to an order of
magnitude and provides equivalent or improved frequency discrimination as other
commonly used locking techniques.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures Revte
A Comment on String Solitons
We derive an exact string-like soliton solution of D=10 heterotic string
theory. The solution possesses instanton structure in the
eight-dimensional space transverse to the worldsheet of the soliton.Comment: 4 page
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